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Journal of Hepatology vol. 42, Supplement 2, p. 39-40 (2005).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1016/s0168-8278(05)81505-3"],"record_lens_id":"120-662-549-561-256","lens_id":["120-662-549-561-256","199-875-477-602-543"],"sequence":103,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":5,"text":"Alt, et al., \"Specific Inhibition of Hepatitis C Viral Gene Expression by Antisense Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides,\" Hepatology, 22:707-717 (1995).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1016/0270-9139(95)90287-2","7657273","10.1002/hep.1840220304"],"record_lens_id":"032-566-335-997-652","lens_id":["058-281-465-236-741","080-341-407-034-139","032-566-335-997-652","045-780-360-984-713","144-250-054-979-845"],"sequence":104,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":6,"text":"Alt, et al., \"Core Specific Antisense Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides as Ptent and Specific Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Viral Translation.\" Arch. 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Synthesis of 3'-C-Methylnucleosides with the B-D-ribo-and a-D-arabino Configurations,\" Carbohydrate Research, 181:77-88 (1988).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1016/0008-6215(88)84024-2"],"record_lens_id":"097-605-778-244-286","lens_id":["099-314-716-152-696","097-605-778-244-286"],"sequence":111,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":13,"text":"Beigelman et al., \"New Synthesis of 2'-C-Methylnucleosides Starting from D-Glucose and D-Ribose\" Carbohydrate Res., 166,.219-232 (1987).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1016/0008-6215(87)80059-9"],"record_lens_id":"042-697-421-628-602","lens_id":["150-134-407-577-104","042-697-421-628-602"],"sequence":112,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":14,"text":"Beigelman, \"A General Method for Synthesis of 3'-Alkylnucleosides,\" Nucleic Acids Symp. 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Biorrganicheskaya Khimiya vol. 12(10): 1359-65 (1986).","npl_type":"a","external_id":[],"lens_id":[],"sequence":114,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":16,"text":"Berenguer, et al., \"Hepatitis B and C viruses: Molecular identification and targeted antiviral therapies,\" Proccedings of the Association of American Physicians, 110(2), 98-112 (1998).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["9542765"],"record_lens_id":"015-347-001-886-585","lens_id":["126-464-241-583-070","015-347-001-886-585"],"sequence":115,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":17,"text":"Berenguer, et al., \"Hepatitis C Virus in the Transplant Setting.\" Antivir. 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Med. Chem. 45: 1196-1202. (2002).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1021/jm0102755","11881988"],"record_lens_id":"005-562-374-010-235","lens_id":["158-749-514-308-374","005-562-374-010-235","073-913-864-684-847"],"sequence":126,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":28,"text":"Carroli, et al., \"Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication by 2'-Modified Nucleoside Analogs,\" J. Biol. 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Org. 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Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 47(21), 5284-5297 (2004).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1021/jm040068f","15456273"],"record_lens_id":"031-602-516-422-62X","lens_id":["188-054-261-290-985","031-602-516-422-62X","065-618-696-551-524"],"sequence":156,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":58,"text":"Eldrup, et al., \"Structure-Activity Relationship of Purine Ribonucleosides for Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase.\", Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 47(9), 2283-2295 (2004).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["15084127","10.1021/jm030424e"],"record_lens_id":"051-560-444-470-608","lens_id":["113-387-195-695-427","051-560-444-470-608","071-615-121-890-684"],"sequence":157,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":59,"text":"Eldrup, et al., (Oral Session V, Hepatitis C Virus, Flaviviridae, 2003 (Oral Session V, Hepatitis C Virus Flaviviridael 16th International Conference on Antiviral Research (Apr. 27, 2003), Savannah, Ga., p. 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Commun., 31:1535-1543 (1996).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1135/cccc19661535"],"record_lens_id":"136-731-573-042-082","lens_id":["137-296-178-249-377","136-731-573-042-082"],"sequence":160,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":62,"text":"Farkas, et al., \"Nucleic Acid Components and Their Analogues. XCIV. Synthesis of 6-Amino-9-(1-Deoxy-beta-D-Psicofuranosyl)purine\", Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 32:2663-2667 (1967).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1135/cccc19672663"],"record_lens_id":"148-114-665-986-023","lens_id":["166-366-644-646-082","148-114-665-986-023"],"sequence":161,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":63,"text":"Farquhar et al., \"Biologically Reversible Phosphate-Protective Groups,\" J. Pharm. 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Chem. 28: 1358-1381 (1985).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1021/jm00147a043","2411927"],"record_lens_id":"128-332-646-927-458","lens_id":["128-594-978-685-264","128-332-646-927-458","163-880-095-800-683"],"sequence":163,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":65,"text":"Farquhar, et al., \"Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Neutral Derivatives of 3-Fluoro-2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-Phosphate.\" J. Med. Chem. 26: 1153 (1983).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["6308257","10.1021/jm00362a013"],"record_lens_id":"009-154-276-631-866","lens_id":["196-016-295-160-41X","009-154-276-631-866","163-984-320-116-412"],"sequence":164,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":66,"text":"Feast, A.A.J., et al., \"Studies on the D-Glucosaccharinic Acids,\" Acta Chemica Scandinavica 19(5):1127- 1134 (1965).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.3891/acta.chem.scand.19-1127"],"record_lens_id":"010-505-164-983-047","lens_id":["048-385-873-038-65X","010-505-164-983-047"],"sequence":165,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":67,"text":"Fedorov, et al., \"3'-C-Branched 2'-Deoxy-5-Methyluridines: Synthesis, Enzyme Inhibition, and Antiviral Properties,\" J. Med. 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Chem., vol. 41, pp. 1708-1715 (1998).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["9572897","10.1021/jm9707737"],"record_lens_id":"048-772-970-049-203","lens_id":["107-885-700-912-07X","048-772-970-049-203","066-106-045-172-368"],"sequence":170,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":72,"text":"Franchetti, et al., \"Antitumor Activity of C-Methyl-b-D-Ribofuranosyladenine Nucleoside Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitors.\" Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 48(15), 4983-4989 (2005).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["16033277","10.1021/jm048944c"],"record_lens_id":"058-126-431-151-221","lens_id":["156-155-161-411-614","058-126-431-151-221","111-869-561-512-256"],"sequence":171,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":73,"text":"Freed, et al., \"Evidence fo Acyloxymethyl Esters of Pyrimidine 5'-Deoxyribonucleotides as Extracellular Sources of Active 5'-Deoxyribonucleotides in Cultured Cells.\" Biochemical Pharmacology. 38: 3193-3198 (1989).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1016/0006-2952(89)90613-8","2818620"],"record_lens_id":"131-301-267-527-856","lens_id":["137-721-118-297-240","131-301-267-527-856","184-138-421-339-366"],"sequence":172,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":74,"text":"Fujimori, et al., \"A Convenient and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2'-Deoxy-[Beta]-L-Nucleosides,\" Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 11(2-4), 341-349; only CCPLUS abstract supplied (1992).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1080/07328319208021708"],"record_lens_id":"037-790-422-037-690","lens_id":["063-510-688-598-472","037-790-422-037-690"],"sequence":173,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":75,"text":"Furukawa, Y., et al. \"A Novel Method for Synthesis of Purine Nucleosides Using Friedel-Crafts Catalysts,\" Chem. Pharm. 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Journal of Virology, vol. 73, No. 9, p. 7241-7247 (Sep. 1999).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10438811","10.1128/jvi.73.9.7241-7247.1999","pmc104248"],"record_lens_id":"013-434-934-833-170","lens_id":["124-063-572-664-772","013-434-934-833-170","127-437-279-824-389"],"sequence":177,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":79,"text":"Girardet, et al., \"Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of 4-Amino-5-Oxopyrido[2,3-d]Pyrimidine Nucleosides.\" Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 43(20), 3704-3713 (2000).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["11020285","10.1021/jm000073t"],"record_lens_id":"130-445-704-730-403","lens_id":["192-639-089-223-972","130-445-704-730-403","158-686-698-253-99X"],"sequence":178,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":80,"text":"Gretch, D.R., \"Use and Interpretation of HCV Diagonostic Tests in the Clinical Setting.\" Clinics in Live Disease, vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 547-557 (Nov. 1997).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70320-2","15560057"],"record_lens_id":"009-585-195-434-777","lens_id":["193-456-338-717-354","009-585-195-434-777","186-622-292-175-664"],"sequence":179,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":81,"text":"Grouiller, et al., \"Novel-p-Toluensesulfaonylation and Thionocarbonylation of Unprotected Thymine Nucleosides,\" Synlett, 1993: 221-222 (1993).","npl_type":"a","external_id":["10.1055/s-1993-22410"],"record_lens_id":"053-327-874-272-179","lens_id":["124-656-179-535-847","053-327-874-272-179"],"sequence":180,"category":[],"us_category":[],"cited_phase":"APP","rel_claims":[]}},{"npl":{"num":82,"text":"Grouiller, et al., \"Structural Studies on a Psicofuranosyl Nucleoside, a Potential Antiviral Agent.\" J. 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A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising contacting a cell infected with a hepatitis C virus an effective amount of a compound of the formula: or a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R 1 ′, R 2 and R 3 are each independently H; phosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug; acyl; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 ′, R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; Y is hydrogen; bromo; chloro, fluoro; iodo; OR 4 ; NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ; X 1 and X 2 are each independently H; straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl; CO-alkyl; CO-aryl; CO-alkoxyalkyl; chloro; bromo; fluoro; iodo; OR 4 ; NR 4 R 5 or SR 5 ; and R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen; acyl; or alkyl.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"2. A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising contacting a cell infected with a hepatitis C virus an effective amount of a compound of the formula: or a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently H; phosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug; acyl; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; Y is hydrogen; bromo; chloro, fluoro; iodo; OR 4 ; NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ; X 1 is H; straight chained alkyl; branched alkyl; cyclic alkyl; CO-alkyl; CO-aryl; CO-alkoxyalkyl; chloro; bromo; fluoro; iodo; OR 4 ; NR 4 R 5 or SR 5 ; and R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen; acyl; or alkyl.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound has the structure: or a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound has the structure: or a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound has the structure: or a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound has the structure: or a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound has the structure: or a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound has the structure: or a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"9. A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising administering a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"10. A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising contacting a cell in the host infected with a hepatitis C virus with a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"11. A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising administering to the host infected with a hepatitis C virus an effective amount of a compound of the formula: or a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R 1 ′, R 2 and R 3 are each independently H; phosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug; acyl; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 ′, R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; Y is hydrogen; bromo; chloro, fluoro; iodo; OR 4 ; NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ; X 1 is H; straight chained alkyl; branched alkyl; cyclic alkyl; CO-alkyl; CO-aryl; CO-alkoxyalkyl; chloro; bromo; fluoro; iodo; OR 4 ; NR 4 R 5 or SR S ; and R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen; acyl; or alkyl.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"12. The method of claim 11 , wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently H or phosphate; X 1 is H or CH 3 ; and Y is hydrogen; bromo; chloro, fluoro; iodo; —NH 2 or -OH.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"13. The method of claim 12 , wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each H.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"14. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is mono-, di- or tri-phosphate; and R 2 and R 3 are each independently H.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"},{"text":"15. The method of claim 11 , wherein R 1 is mono-, di- or tri-phosphate; and R 2 and R 3 are each independently H.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"}]},"claim_lang":["en"],"has_claim":true,"description":{"en":{"text":"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/602,691, filed on Jun. 20, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,597, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/864,078, filed on May 23, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,914,054, and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/206,585,filed on May 23, 2000, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT The subject matter of this application arises in part from a joint research agreement between Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Universita Degli Studi di Cagliari, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and L′ UniversitéMontpellier II. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention is in the area of pharmaceutical chemistry, and is in particular, is a compound, method and composition for the treatment of hepatitis C virus. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. (Boyer, N. et al. J. Hepatol. 32:98-112, 2000). HCV causes a slow growing viral infection and is the major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (Di Besceglie, A. M. and Bacon, B. R., Scientific American , Oct.: 80-85, (1999); Boyer, N. et al. J. Hepatol. 32:98-112, 2000). An estimated 170 million persons are infected with HCV worldwide. (Boyer, N. et al. J. Hepatol. 32:98-112, 2000). Cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis C infection accounts for 8,000-12,000 deaths per year in the United States, and HCV infection is the leading indication for liver transplant. HCV is known to cause at least 80% of posttransfusion hepatitis and a substantial proportion of sporadic acute hepatitis. Preliminary evidence also implicates HCV in many cases of “idiopathic” chronic hepatitis, “cryptogenic” cirrhosis, and probably hepatocellular carcinoma unrelated to other hepatitis viruses, such as Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). A small proportion of healthy persons appear to be chronic HCV carriers, varying with geography and other epidemiological factors. The numbers may substantially exceed those for HBV, though information is still preliminary; how many of these persons have subclinical chronic liver disease is unclear. (The Merck Manual, ch. 69, p. 901, 16th ed., (1992)). HCV has been classified as a member of the virus family Flaviviridae that includes the genera flaviviruses, pestiviruses, and hapaceiviruses which includes hepatitis C viruses (Rice, C. M., Flaviviridae: The viruses and their replication. In: Fields Virology, Editors: Fields, B. N., Knipe, D. M., and Howley, P. M., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa., Chapter 30, 931-959, 1996). HCV is an enveloped virus containing a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 9.4 kb. The viral genome consists of a 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a long open reading frame encoding a polyprotein precursor of approximately 3011 amino acids, and a short 3′ UTR. The 5′ UTR is the most highly conserved part of the HCV genome and is important for the initiation and control of polyprotein translation. Translation of the HCV genome is initiated by a cap-independent mechanism known as internal ribosome entry. This mechanism involves the binding of ribosomes to an RNA sequence known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES). An RNA pseudoknot structure has recently been determined to be an essential structural element of the HCV IRES. Viral structural proteins include a nucleocapsid core protein (C) and two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2. HCV also encodes two proteinases, a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase encoded by the NS2-NS3 region and a serine proteinase encoded in the NS3 region. These proteinases are required for cleavage of specific regions of the precursor polyprotein into mature peptides. The carboxyl half of nonstructural protein 5, NS5B, contains the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The function of the remaining nonstructural proteins, NS4A and NS4B, and that of NS5A (the amino-terminal half of nonstructural protein 5) remain unknown. A significant focus of current antiviral research is directed toward the development of improved methods of treatment of chronic HCV infections in humans (Di Besceglie, A. M. and Bacon, B. R., Scientific American , Oct.: 80-85, (1999)). Currently, there are two primary antiviral compounds, Ribavirin and interferon-alpha, which are used for the treatment of chronic HCV infections in humans. Treatment of HCV Infection with Ribivarin Ribavirin (1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is a synthetic, non-interferon-inducing, broad spectrum antiviral nucleoside analog sold under the trade name, Virazole (The Merck Index, 11th edition, Editor: Budavari, S., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., p 1304, 1989). U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,798,209 and RE29,835 disclose and claim Ribavirin. Ribavirin is structurally similar to guanosine, and has in vitro activity against several DNA and RNA viruses including Flaviviridae (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000). Ribavirin reduces serum amino transferase levels to normal in 40% or patients, but it does not lower serum levels of HCV-RNA (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000). Thus, Ribavirin alone is not effective in reducing viral RNA levels. Additionally, Ribavirin has significant toxicity and is known to induce anemia. Treatment of HCV Infection with Interferon Interferons (IFNs) are compounds that have been commercially available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis for nearly a decade. IFNs are glycoproteins produced by immune cells in response to viral infection. IFNs inhibit viral replication of many viruses, including HCV, and when used as the sole treatment for hepatitis C infection, IFN suppresses serum HCV-RNA to undetectable levels. Additionally, IFN normalizes serum amino transferase levels. Unfortunately, the effects of IFN are temporary and a sustained response occurs in only 8%-9% of patients chronically infected with HCV (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000). A number of patents disclose HCV treatments using interferon-based therapies. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,884 to Blatt et al. discloses methods for retreatment of patients afflicted with HCV using consensus interferon. U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,223 to Bazer et al. discloses an anti-HCV therapy using ovine or bovine interferon-tau. U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,636 to Alber et al. discloses the combination therapy of interleukin-12 and interferon alpha for the treatment of infectious diseases including HCV. U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,621 to Glue et al. discloses the use of polyethylene glycol modified interferon for the treatment of HCV. U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,696 to Chretien et al. discloses the use of thymosins, alone or in combination with interferon, for treating HCV. U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,455 to Valtuena et al. discloses a combination HCV therapy employing interferon and a free radical scavenger. U.S. Pat. No. 5,738,845 to Imakawa discloses the use of human interferon tau proteins for treating HCV. Other interferon-based treatments for HCV are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,942 to Testa et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,808 to Blatt et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,696. Combination of Interferon and Ribavirin The combination of IFN and Ribavirin for the treatment of HCV infection has been reported to be effective in the treatment of IFN naive patients (Battaglia, A. M. et al., Ann. Pharmacother. 34:487-494, 2000). Results are promising for this combination treatment both before hepatitis develops or when histological disease is present (Berenguer, M. et al. Antivir. Ther. 3(Suppl. 3):125-136, 1998). Side effects of combination therapy include hemolysis, flu-like symptoms, anemia, and fatigue. (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000). Additional References Disclosing Methods to Treat HCV Infections A number of HCV treatments are reviewed by Bymock et al. in Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy, 11:2; 79-95 (2000). Several substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors have been identified in the literature, in which the scissile amide bond of a cleaved substrate is replaced by an electrophile, which interacts with the catalytic serine. Attwood et al. (1998) Antiviral peptide derivatives, 98/22496; Attwood et al. (1999), Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 10.259-273; Attwood et al. (1999) Preparation and use of amino acid derivatives as anti-viral agents, German Patent Publication DE 19914474; Tung et al. (1998) Inhibitors of serine proteases, particularly hepatitis C virus NS3 protease, WO 98/17679. The reported inhibitors terminate in an electrophile such as a boronic acid or phosphonate. Llinas-Brunet et al. (1999) Hepatitis C inhibitor peptide analogues, WO 99/07734. Two classes of electrophile-based inhibitors have been described, alphaketoamides and hydrazinoureas. The literature has also described a number of non-substrate-based inhibitors. For example, evaluation of the inhibitory effects of 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-nitro-benzamide derivatives against HCV protease and other serine proteases has been reported. Sudo, K. et al., (1997) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238:643-647; Sudo, K. et al. (1998) Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 9:186. Using a reverse-phase HPLC assay, the two most potent compounds identified were RD3-4082 and RD3-4078, the former substituted on the amide with a 14 carbon chain and the latter processing a para-phenoxyphenyl group. Thiazolidine derivatives have been identified as micromolar inhibitors, using a reverse-phase HPLC assay with an NS3/4A fusion protein and NS5A/5B substrate. Sudo, K. et al. (1996) Antiviral Research 32:9-18. Compound RD-1-6250, possessing a fused cinnamoyl moiety substituted with a long alkyl chain, was the most potent against the isolated enzyme. Two other active examples were RD4 6205 and RD4 6193. Other literature reports screening of a relatively small library using an ELISA assay and the identification of three compounds as potent inhibitors, a thiazolidine and two benzanilides. Kakiuchi N. et al. J. EBS Letters 421:217-220; Takeshita N. et al., Analytical Biochemistry 247:242-246, 1997. Several U.S. patents disclose protease inhibitors for the treatment of HCV. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,933 to Spruce et al. discloses a class of cysteine protease inhibitors for inhibiting HCV endopeptidase 2. U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,276 to Zhang et al. discloses synthetic inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. The inhibitor is a subsequence of a substrate of the NS3 protease or a substrate of the NS4A cofactor. The use of restriction enzymes to treat HCV is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,865 to Reyes et al. Isolated from the fermentation culture broth of Streptomyces sp., Sch 68631, a phenan-threnequinone, possessed micromolar activity against HCV protease in a SDS-PAGE and autoradiography assay. Chu M. et al., Tetrahedron Letters 37:7229-7232, 1996. In another example by the same authors, Sch 351633, isolated from the fungus Penicillium griscofuluum , demonstrated micromolar activity in a scintillation proximity assay. Chu M. et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9:1949-1952. Nanomolar potency against the HCV NS3 protease enzyme has been achieved by the design of selective inhibitors based on the macromolecule eglin c. Eglin c, isolated from leech, is a potent inhibitor of several serine proteases such as S. griseus proteases A and B, α-chymotrypsin, chymase and subtilisin. Qasim M. A. et al., Biochemistry 36:1598-1607, 1997. HCV helicase inhibitors have also been reported. U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,358 to Diana G. D. et al.; PCT Publication No. WO 97/36554 of Diana G. D. et al. There are a few reports of HCV polymerase inhibitors: some nucleotide analogues, gliotoxin and the natural product cerulenin. Ferrari R. et al., Journal of Virology 73:1649-1654, 1999; Lohmann V. et al., Virology 249:108-118, 1998. Antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to sequence stretches in the 5′ non-coding region of the HCV, are reported as efficient inhibitors of HCV gene expression in in vitro translation and IIcpG2 IICV-luciferase cell culture systems. Alt M. et al., Hepatology 22:707-717, 1995. Recent work has demonstrated that nucleotides 326-348 comprising the 3′ end of the NCR and nucleotides 371-388 located in the core coding region of the HCV RNA are effective targets for antisense-mediated inhibition of viral translation. Alt M. et al., Archives of Virology 142:589-599, 1997. U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,990 to Wands et al. discloses oligonucleotides for inhibiting the replication of HCV. PCT Publication No. WO 99/29350 discloses compositions and methods of treatment for hepatitis C infection comprising the administration of antisense oligonucleotides that are complementary and hybridizable to HCV-RNA. U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,857 to Han et al. disclose nucleic acids corresponding to the sequence of the pestivirus homology box IV area for controlling the translation of HCV. Antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents have been recently reviewed (Galderisi U. et al., Journal of Cellular Physiology 181:251-257, 1999). Other compounds have been reported as inhibitors of IRES-dependent translation in HCV. Japanese Patent Publication JP-08268890 of Ikeda N et al.; Japanese Patent Publication JP-10101591 of Kai, Y. et al. Nuclease-resistant ribozymes have been targeted at the IRES and recently reported as inhibitors in an HCV-poliovirus chimera plaque assay. Maccjak D. J. et al., Hepatology 30 abstract 995, 1999. The use of ribozymes to treat HCV is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,077 to Barber et al., and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,869,253 and 5,610,054 to Draper et al. Other patents disclose the use of immune system potentiating compounds for the treatment of HCV. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,799 to Chretien et al. discloses a method of treating hepatitis C in non-responders to interferon treatment by administering an immune system potentiating dose of thymosin or a thymosin fragment. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,972,347 to Eder et al. and 5,969,109 to Bona et al. disclose antibody-based treatments for treating HCV. U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,134 to Gold et al. discloses certain NMDA receptor agonists having immunodulatory, antimalarial, anti-Borna virus and anti-Hepatitis C activities. The disclosed NMDA receptor agonists belong to a family of 1-amino-alkylcyclohexanes. U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,960 to Morris-Natscke et al. discloses the use of certain alkyl lipids to inhibit the production of hepatitis-induced antigens, including those produced by the HCV virus. U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al. discloses the use of vitamin E and other antioxidants to treat hepatic disorders including HCV. U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,389 to Elsherbi et al., discloses the use of squalene for treating hepatitis C. U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,800 to Smith et al discloses the use of amantadine for treatment of Hepatitis C. U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,964 to Ozeki et al. discloses the use of bile acids for treating HCV. U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,135 to Blough et al. discloses the use of N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartic acid to treat flaviviruses such as HCV. Other compounds proposed for treating HCV include plant extracts (U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,257 to Tsai et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,725,859 to Omer et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,056,961), piperidenes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,905 to Diana et al.), benzenedicarboxamides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,388 to Diana et al.), polyadenylic acid derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,546 to Wang et al.), 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,687 to Yarchoan et al.), benzimidazoles (U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,874 to Colacino et al.). In light of the fact that the hepatitis C virus has reached epidemic levels worldwide, and has tragic effects on the infected patient, there remains a strong need to provide new effective pharmaceutical agents to treat hepatitis C that has low toxicity to the host. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a compound, method and composition for the treatment of a host infected with hepatitis C virus. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Compounds, methods and compositions for the treatment of hepatitis C infection are described that include an effective hepatitis C treatment amount of a β-D- or β-L-nucleoside of the Formulas (I)-(XVIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. In a first principal embodiment, a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H, phosphate (including mono-, di- or triphosphate and a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate;Y is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 and X 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; andR 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a second principal embodiment, a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 and X 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; andR 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a third principal embodiment, a compound of Formula III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ,X 1 and X 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; andR 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a fourth principal embodiment, a compound of Formula IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H, phosphate (including mono-, di- or triphosphate and a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate;Y is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; andR 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a fifth principal embodiment, a compound of Formula V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; andR 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a sixth principal embodiment, a compound of Formula VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; andR 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a seventh principal embodiment, a compound selected from Formulas VII, VIII and IX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, 2-Br-ethyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), CF 3 , chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a eighth principal embodiment, a compound of Formulas X, X 1 and XII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 7 is hydrogen, OR 3 , hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a ninth principal embodiment a compound selected from Formulas XIII, XIV and XV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a tenth principal embodiment the invention provides a compound of Formula XVI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 and R 2 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 or R 2 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine; alternatively, R 7 and R 9 , R 7 and R 10 , R 8 and R 9 , or R 8 and R 10 can come together to form a pi bond; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a eleventh principal embodiment the invention provides a compound of Formula XVII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 and R 2 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 or R 2 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 10 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine;alternatively, R 7 and R 9 , or R 7 and R 10 can come together to form a pi bond; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In an twelfth principal embodiment, the invention provides a compound of Formula XVIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 and R 2 independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 or R 2 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(lower-alkyl)amino;R 8 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine;alternatively, R 7 and R 9 , or R 8 and R 9 can come together to form a pi bond;X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . The β-D- and β-L-nucleosides of this invention may inhibit HCV polymerase activity. Nucleosides can be screened for their ability to inhibit HCV polymerase activity in vitro according to screening methods set forth more particularly herein. One can readily determine the spectrum of activity by evaluating the compound in the assays described herein or with another confirmatory assay. In one embodiment the efficacy of the anti-HCV compound is measured according to the concentration of compound necessary to reduce the plaque number of the virus in vitro, according to methods set forth more particularly herein, by 50% (i.e. the compound's EC 50 ). In preferred embodiments the compound exhibits an EC 50 of less than 25, 15, 10, 5, or 1 micromolar. In another embodiment, the active compound can be administered in combination or alternation with another anti-HCV agent. In combination therapy, an effective dosage of two or more agents are administered together, whereas during alternation therapy an effective dosage of each agent is administered serially. The dosages will depend on absorption, inactivation, and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens and schedules should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions. Nonlimiting examples of antiviral agents that can be used in combination with the compounds disclosed herein include: (1) an interferon and/or ribavirin (Battaglia, A. M. et al., Ann. Pharmacother. 34:487-494, 2000); Berenguer, M. et al. Antivir. Ther. 3(Suppl. 3):125-136, 1998); (2) Substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors (Attwood et al., Antiviral peptide derivatives, PCT WO 98/22496, 1998; Attwood et al., Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 10.259-273, 1999; Attwood et al., Preparation and use of amino acid derivatives as anti-viral agents, German Patent Publication DE 19914474; Tung et al. Inhibitors of serine proteases, particularly hepatitis C virus NS3 protease, PCT WO 98/17679), including alphaketoamides and hydrazinoureas, and inhibitors that terminate in an electrophile such as a boronic acid or phosphonate. Llinas-Brunet et al, Hepatitis C inhibitor peptide analogues, PCT WO 99/07734. (3) Non-substrate-based inhibitors such as 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-nitro-benzamide derivatives (Sudo K. et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238:643-647, 1997; Sudo K. et al. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 9:186, 1998), including RD3-4082 and RD3-4078, the former substituted on the amide with a 14 carbon chain and the latter processing a para-phenoxyphenyl group; (4) Thiazolidine derivatives which show relevant inhibition in a reverse-phase HPLC assay with an NS3/4A fusion protein and NS5A/5B substrate (Sudo K. et al., Antiviral Research 32:9-18, 1996), especially compound RD-1-6250, possessing a fused cinnamoyl moiety substituted with a long alkyl chain, RD4 6205 and RD4 6193; (5) Thiazolidines and benzanilides identified in Kakiuchi N. et al. J. EBS Letters 421:217-220; Takeshita N. et al. Analytical Biochemistry 247:242-246, 1997; (6) A phenan-threnequinone possessing activity against HCV protease in a SDS-PAGE and autoradiography assay isolated from the fermentation culture broth of Streptomyces sp., Sch 68631 (Chu M. et al., Tetrahedron Letters 37:7229-7232, 1996), and Sch 351633, isolated from the fungus Penicillium griscofuluum , which demonstrates activity in a scintillation proximity assay (Chu M. et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9:1949-1952); (7) Selective NS3 inhibitors based on the macromolecule elgin c, isolated from leech (Qasim M. A. et al., Biochemistry 36:1598-1607, 1997); (8) HCV helicase inhibitors (Diana G. D. et al., Compounds, compositions and methods for treatment of hepatitis C, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,358; Diana G. D. et al., Piperidine derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions thereof and their use in the treatment of hepatitis C, PCT WO 97/36554); (9) HCV polymerase inhibitors such as nucleotide analogues, gliotoxin (Ferrari R. et al. Journal of Virology 73:1649-1654, 1999), and the natural product cerulenin (Lohmann V. et al., Virology 249:108-118, 1998); (10) Antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (S-ODN) complementary to sequence stretches in the 5′ non-coding region (NCR) of the HCV (Alt M. et al., Hepatology 22:707-717, 1995), or nucleotides 326-348 comprising the 3′ end of the NCR and nucleotides 371-388 located in the core coding region of the IICV RNA (Alt M. et al., Archives of Virology 142:589-599, 1997; Galderisi U. et al., Journal of Cellular Physiology 181:251-257, 1999); (11) Inhibitors of IRES-dependent translation (Ikeda N et al., Agent for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C, Japanese Patent Publication JP-08268890; Kai Y. et al. Prevention and treatment of viral diseases, Japanese Patent Publication JP-10101591); (12) Nuclease-resistant ribozymes (Maccjak D. J. et al., Hepatology 30 abstract 995, 1999); and (13) Other miscellaneous compounds including 1-amino-alkylcyclohexanes (U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,134 to Gold et al.), alkyl lipids (U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), vitamin E and other antioxidants (U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), squalene, amantadine, bile acids (U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,964 to Ozeki et al.), N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartic acid, (U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,905 to Diana et al.), benzenedicarboxamides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,388 to Diana et al.), polyadenylic acid derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,546 to Wang et al.), 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,687 to Yarchoan et al.), and benzimidazoles (U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,874 to Colacino et al.). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 provides the structure of various non-limiting examples of nucleosides of the present invention, as well as other known nucleosides, FIAU and Ribavirin, which are used as comparative examples in the text. FIG. 2 is a line graph of the pharmacokinetics (plasma concentrations) of β-D-2′-CH 3 -riboG administered to six Cynomolgus Monkeys over time after administration. FIGS. 3 a and 3 b are line graphs of the pharmacokinetics (plasma concentrations) of β-D-2′-CH 3 -riboG administered to Cynomolgus Monkeys either intravenously ( 3 a ) or orally ( 3 b ) over time after administration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention as disclosed herein is a compound, method and composition for the treatment of hepatitis C in humans or other host animals, that includes administering an effective HCV treatment amount of a β-D- or β-L-nucleoside as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compounds of this invention either possess antiviral (i.e., anti-HCV) activity, or are metabolized to a compound that exhibits such activity. In summary, the present invention includes the following features: (a) β-D- and β-L-nucleosides, as described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof; (b) β-D- and β-L-nucleosides as described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of an HCV infection, especially in individuals diagnosed as having an HCV infection or being at risk for becoming infected by HCV; (c) use of these β-D- and β-L-nucleosides, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of an HCV infection; (d) pharmaceutical formulations comprising the β-D- or β-L-nucleosides or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent; (e) β-D- and β-L-nucleosides as described herein substantially in the absence of enantiomers of the described nucleoside, or substantially isolated from other chemical entities; (t) processes for the preparation of β-D- and β-L-nucleosides, as described in more detail below; and (g) processes for the preparation of β-D- and β-L-nucleosides substantially in the absence of enantiomers of the described nucleoside, or substantially isolated from other chemical entities. I. Active Compound, and Physiologically Acceptable Salts and Prodrugs Thereof In a first principal embodiment, a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H, phosphate (including mono-, di- or triphosphate and a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate;Y is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 and X 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 1 or SR 5 ; and R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H or phosphate (preferably H);X 1 is H;X 2 is H or NH 2 ; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, NH 2 or OH. In a second principal embodiment, a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 and X 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; and R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H or phosphate (preferably H); X 1 is H;X 2 is H or NH 2 ; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, NH 2 or OH. In a third principal embodiment, a compound of Formula III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 and X 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; andR 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H or phosphate (preferably H);X 1 is H:X 2 is H or NH 2 ; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, NH 2 or OH. In a fourth principal embodiment, a compound of Formula IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H, phosphate (including mono-, di- or triphosphate and a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate;Y is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; andR 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H or phosphate (preferably 1-1);X 1 is H or CH 3 ; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, NH 2 or OH. In a fifth principal embodiment, a compound of Formula V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; andR 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H or phosphate (preferably H);X 1 is H or CH 3 ; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, NH 2 or OH. In a sixth principal embodiment, a compound of Formula VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 4 ;X 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 NR 5 or SR 5 ; and R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, acyl (including lower acyl), or alkyl (including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl and cyclopropyl). In a preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H or phosphate (preferably H);X is H or CH 3 ; andY is hydrogen, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo, NH 2 or OH. In a seventh principal embodiment, a compound selected from Formulas VII, VIII and IX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, 2-Br-ethyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), CF 3 , chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ; andX is O, S, SO 2 , or CH 2 . In a first preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula VII, VIII or IX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or phosphate;R 6 is alkyl; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a second preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula VII, VIII or IX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogens;R 6 is alkyl; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a third preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula VII, VIII or IX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or phosphate;R 6 is alkyl; andX is O. In a eighth principal embodiment, a compound of Formula X, X 1 or XII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 7 is hydrogen, OR 3 , hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(loweralkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a first preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula X, X 1 or XII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or phosphate;R 6 is alkyl; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a second preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula X, X 1 or XII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogens;R 6 is alkyl; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a third preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula X, X 1 or XII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H or phosphate;R 6 is alkyl; andX is O. In even more preferred subembodiments, a compound of Formula XI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; optionally substituted with an amine or cyclopropyl (e.g., 2-amino, 2,6-diamino or cyclopropyl guanosine); andR 1 and R 2 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 or R 2 is independently H or phosphate. In a ninth principal embodiment a compound selected from Formula XIII, XIV or XV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is independently H or phosphate; R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a first preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XIII, XIV or XV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or phosphate;R 6 is alkyl; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a second preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XIII, XIV or XV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogens:R 6 is alkyl; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a third preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XIII, XIV or XV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, is provided wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein,R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or phosphate;R 6 is alkyl; andX is O. In a tenth principal embodiment the invention provides a compound of Formula XVI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 and R 2 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently H or phosphate; R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ; R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ; R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine; alternatively, R 7 and R 9 , R 7 and R 10 , R 8 and R 9 , or R 8 and R 10 can come together to form a pi bond; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a first preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 , alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine, or iodine; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a second preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine, or iodine; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a third preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 , alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 and R 10 are H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a fourth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 , alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine, or iodine; and (6) X is O. In a fifth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 1 ; (5) R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a sixth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 and R 10 are H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 , or CH 2 . In a seventh preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine; and (6) X is O. In a eighth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a ninth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine; and (6) X is O. In a tenth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O. In an eleventh preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a twelfth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 , or CH 2 . In a thirteenth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine, or iodine; and (6) X is O. In a fourteenth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O. In even more preferred subembodiments, a compound of Formula XVI, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is guanine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is cytosine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is thymine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is uracil; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is phosphate; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is ethyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is propyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is butyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 is hydrogen and R 9 is hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is S; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is SO 2 ; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 and R 10 are hydrogen; and (6) X is CH 2 ; In a eleventh principal embodiment the invention provides a compound of Formula XVII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 is H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ; R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 10 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine, or iodine;alternatively, R 7 and R 9 , or R 7 and R 10 can come together to form a pi bond; andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a first preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)-amino; (5) R 10 is H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 , or CH 2 . In a second preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 10 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine, or iodine; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a third preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)-amino; (5) R 10 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine; and (6) X is O. In a fourth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 10 is H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a fifth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 10 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine; and (6) X is O. In a sixth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 10 is H; and (6) X is O. In a seventh preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 10 is H; and (6) X is O. In an eighth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)-amino; (5) R 10 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 , or CH 2 . In a ninth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 10 is H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 , or CH 2 . In a tenth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 10 is H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 , or CH 2 . In even more preferred subembodiments, a compound of Formula XVII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is guanine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is cytosine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is thymine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is uracil; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is phosphate; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is ethyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is propyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is butyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is S; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is SO 2 ; or (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 10 is hydrogen; and (6) X is CH 2 . In an twelfth principal embodiment the invention provides a compound of Formula XVIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof: wherein: Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein;R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, lower alkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino;R 8 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine;alternatively, R 7 and R 9 , or R 8 and R 9 can come together to form a pi bond;X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a first preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 1 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a second preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di-(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine, or iodine; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a third preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(lower-alkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 is H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a fourth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine, or iodine; and (6) X is O. In a fifth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 is H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 , or CH 2 . In a sixth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid: an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine, or iodine; and (6) X is O. In a seventh preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, O-alkenyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino, or di(loweralkyl)amino; (5) R 8 is H; and (6) X is O. In an eighth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl (including lower alkyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, hydroxy, O-alkyl, O-alkenyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, NO 2 , amino, loweralkylamino or di(loweralkyl)amino; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 is H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2 . In a ninth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 is H; and (6) X is O, S, SO 2 , or CH 2 . In a tenth preferred subembodiment, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; (2) R 1 is independently H or phosphate; (3) R 6 is alkyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are independently OR 2 ; (5) R 8 is H; and (6) X is O. In even more preferred subembodiments, a compound of Formula XVIII, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug, is provided in which: (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is guanine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is cytosine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is thymine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is uracil; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is phosphate; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is ethyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is propyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is butyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is O; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is S; (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen; and (6) X is SO 2 ; or (1) Base is adenine; (2) R 1 is hydrogen; (3) R 6 is methyl; (4) R 7 and R 9 are hydroxyl; (5) R 8 is hydrogen, and (6) X is CH 2 . The β-D- and β-L-nucleosides of this invention may inhibit HCV polymerase activity. Nucleosides can be screened for their ability to inhibit HCV polymerase activity in vitro according to screening methods set forth more particularly herein. One can readily determine the spectrum of activity by evaluating the compound in the assays described herein or with another confirmatory assay. In one embodiment the efficacy of the anti-HCV compound is measured according to the concentration of compound necessary to reduce the plaque number of the virus in vitro, according to methods set forth more particularly herein, by 50% (i.e. the compound's EC 50 ). In preferred embodiments the compound exhibits an EC 50 of less than 15 or 10 micromolar, when measured according to the polymerase assay described in Ferrari et al., Jnl. of Vir., 73:1649-1654, 1999; Ishii et al., Hepatology, 29:1227-1235, 1999; Lohmann et al., Jnl. of Bio. Chem., 274:10807-10815, 1999; or Yamashita et al, Jnl. of Bio. Chem., 273:15479-15486, 1998. The active compound can be administered as any salt or prodrug that upon administration to the recipient is capable of providing directly or indirectly the parent compound, or that exhibits activity itself. Nonlimiting examples are the pharmaceutically acceptable salts (alternatively referred to as “physiologically acceptable salts”), and a compound that has been alkylated or acylated at the 5′-position or on the purine or pyrimidine base (a type of “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug”). Further, the modifications can affect the biological activity of the compound, in some cases increasing the activity over the parent compound. This can easily be assessed by preparing the salt or prodrug and testing its antiviral activity according to the methods described herein, or other methods known to those skilled in the art. II. Definitions The term alkyl, as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon of typically C 1 to C 10 , and specifically includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, and 2,3-dimethylbutyl. The term includes both substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups. Moieties with which the alkyl group can be substituted are selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in Greene, et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, hereby incorporated by reference. The term lower alkyl, as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to a C 1 to C 4 saturated straight, branched, or if appropriate, a cyclic (for example, cyclopropyl) alkyl group, including both substituted and unsubstituted forms. Unless otherwise specifically stated in this application, when alkyl is a suitable moiety, lower alkyl is preferred. Similarly, when alkyl or lower alkyl is a suitable moiety, unsubstituted alkyl or lower alkyl is preferred. The term alkylamino or arylamino refers to an amino group that has one or two alkyl or aryl substituents, respectively. The term “protected” as used herein and unless otherwise defined refers to a group that is added to an oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus atom to prevent its further reaction or for other purposes. A wide variety of oxygen and nitrogen protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis. The term aryl, as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl, and preferably phenyl. The term includes both substituted and unsubstituted moieties. The aryl group can be substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in Greene, et al., Protective Grolips in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. The term alkaryl or alkylaryl refers to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent. The term aralkyl or arylalkyl refers to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent. The term halo, as used herein, includes chloro, bromo, iodo, and fluoro. The term purine or pyrimidine base includes, but is not limited to, adenine, N 6 -alkylpurines, N 6 -acylpurines (wherein acyl is C(O)(alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl), N 6 -benzylpurine, N 6 -halopurine, N 6 -vinylpurine, N 6 -acetylenic purine, N 6 -acyl purine, N 6 -hydroxyalkyl purine, N 6 -thioalkyl purine, N 2 -alkylpurines, N 2 -alkyl-6-thiopurines, thymine, cytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-azapyrimidine, including 6-azacytosine, 2- and/or 4-mercaptopyrmidine, uracil, 5-halouracil, including 5-fluorouracil, C 5 -alkylpyrimidines, C 5 -benzylpyrimidines, C 5 -halopyrimidines, C 5 -vinylpyrimidine, C 5 -acetylenic pyrimidine, C 5 -acyl pyrimidine, C 5 -hydroxyalkyl purine, C 5 -amidopyrimidine, C 5 -cyanopyrimidine, C 5 -nitropyrimidine, C 5 -aminopyrimidine, N 2 -alkylpurines, N 2 -alkyl-6-thiopurines, 5-azacytidinyl, 5-azauracilyl, triazolopyridinyl, imidazolopyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and pyrazolopyrimidinyl. Purine bases include, but are not limited to, guanine, adenine, hypoxanthine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 6-chloropurine. Functional oxygen and nitrogen groups on the base can be protected as necessary or desired. Suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, and include trimethylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, and t-butyldiphenylsilyl, trityl, alkyl groups, and acyl groups such as acetyl and propionyl, methanesulfonyl, and p-toluenesulfonyl. The term acyl refers to a carboxylic acid ester in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the ester group is selected from straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl or lower alkyl, alkoxyalkyl including methoxymethyl, aralkyl including benzyl, aryloxyalkyl such as phenoxymethyl, aryl including phenyl optionally substituted with chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, C 1 to C 4 alkyl or C 1 to C 4 alkoxy, sulfonate esters such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl including methanesulfonyl, the mono, di or triphosphate ester, trityl or monomethoxytrityl, substituted benzyl, trialkylsilyl (e.g. dimethyl-t-butylsilyl) or diphenylmethylsilyl. Aryl groups in the esters optimally comprise a phenyl group. The term “lower acyl” refers to an acyl group in which the non-carbonyl moiety is a lower alkyl. As used herein, the term “substantially free of” or “substantially in the absence of” refers to a nucleoside composition that includes at least 85 or 90% by weight, preferably 95% to 98% by weight, and even more preferably 99% to 100% by weight, of the designated enantiomer of that nucleoside. In a preferred embodiment, in the methods and compounds of this invention, the compounds are substantially free of enantiomers. Similarly, the term “isolated” refers to a nucleoside composition that includes at least 85 or 90% by weight, preferably 95% to 98% by weight, and even more preferably 99% to 100% by weight, of the nucleoside, the remainder comprising other chemical species or enantiomers. The term “independently” is used herein to indicate that the variable which is independently applied varies independently from application to application. Thus, in a compound such as R″XYR″, wherein R″ is “independently carbon or nitrogen,” both R″ can be carbon, both R″ can be nitrogen, or one R″ can be carbon and the other R″ nitrogen. The term host, as used herein, refers to an unicellular or multicellular organism in which the virus can replicate, including cell lines and animals, and preferably a human. Alternatively, the host can be carrying a part of the hepatitis C viral genome, whose replication or function can be altered by the compounds of the present invention. The term host specifically refers to infected cells, cells transfected with all or part of the HCV genome and animals, in particular, primates (including chimpanzees) and humans. In most animal applications of the present invention, the host is a human patient. Veterinary applications, in certain indications, however, are clearly anticipated by the present invention (such as chimpanzees). The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug” is used throughout the specification to describe any pharmaceutically acceptable form (such as an ester, phosphate ester, salt of an ester or a related group) of a nucleoside compound which, upon administration to a patient, provides the nucleoside compound. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and acids. Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium, among numerous other acids well known in the pharmaceutical art. Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs refer to a compound that is metabolized, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host to form the compound of the present invention. Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the active compound. Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated to produce the active compound. The compounds of this invention possess antiviral activity against HCV, or are metabolized to a compound that exhibits such activity. III. Nucleotide Salt Or Prodrug Formulations In cases where compounds are sufficiently basic or acidic to form stable nontoxic acid or base salts, administration of the compound as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be appropriate. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids, which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, α-ketoglutarate, and α-glycerophosphate. Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made. Any of the nucleosides described herein can be administered as a nucleotide prodrug to increase the activity, bioavailability, stability or otherwise alter the properties of the nucleoside. A number of nucleotide prodrug ligands are known. In general, alkylation, acylation or other lipophilic modification of the mono, di or triphosphate of the nucleoside will increase the stability of the nucleotide. Examples of substituent groups that can replace one or more hydrogens on the phosphate moiety are alkyl, aryl, steroids, carbohydrates, including sugars, 1,2-diacylglycerol and alcohols. Many are described in R. Jones and N. Bischofberger, Antiviral Research, 27 (1995) 1-17. Any of these can be used in combination with the disclosed nucleosides to achieve a desired effect. The active nucleoside can also be provided as a 5′-phosphoether lipid or a 5′-ether lipid, as disclosed in the following references, which are incorporated by reference herein: Kucera, L. S., N. Iyer, E. Leake, A. Raben, Modest E. K., D. L. W., and C. Piantadosi. 1990. “Novel membrane-interactive ether lipid analogs that inhibit infectious HIV-1 production and induce defective virus formation.” AIDS Res. Hum. Retro Viruses. 6:491-501; Piantadosi, C., J. Marasco C. J., S. L. Morris-Natschke, K. L. Meyer, F. Gumus, J. R. Surles, K. S. Ishaq, L. S. Kucera, N. Iyer, C. A. Wallen, S. Piantadosi, and E. J. Modest. 1991. “Synthesis and evaluation of novel ether lipid nucleoside conjugates for anti-HIV activity.” J. Med. Chem. 34:1408.1414; Hosteller, K. Y., D. D. Richman, D. A. Carson, L. M. Stuhmiller, G. M. T. van Wijk, and H. van den Bosch. 1992. “Greatly enhanced inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in CEM and HT4-6C cells by 3′-deoxythymidine diphosphate dimyristoylglycerol, a lipid prodrug of 3-deoxythymidine.” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:2025.2029; Hosetler, K. Y., L. M. Stuhmiller, H. B. Lenting, H. van den Bosch, and D. D. Richman, 1990. “Synthesis and antiretroviral activity of phospholipid analogs of azidothymidine and other antiviral nucleosides.” J. Biol. Chem. 265:61127. Nonlimiting examples of U.S. patents that disclose suitable lipophilic substituents that can be covalently incorporated into the nucleoside, preferably at the 5′- OH position of the nucleoside or lipophilic preparations, include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,149,794 (Sep. 22, 1992, Yatvin et al.); 5,194,654 (Mar. 16, 1993, Hostetler et al., 5,223,263 (Jun. 29, 1993, Hostetler et al.); 5,256,641 (Oct. 26, 1993, Yatvin et al.); 5,411,947 (May 2, 1995, Hostetler et al.); 5,463,092 (Oct. 31, 1995, Hostetler et al.); 5,543,389 (Aug. 6, 1996, Yatvin et al.); 5,543,390 (Aug. 6, 1996, Yatvin et al.); 5,543,391 (Aug. 6, 1996, Yatvin et al.); and 5,554,728 (Sep. 10, 1996; Basava et al.), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Foreign patent applications that disclose lipophilic substituents that can be attached to the nucleosides of the present invention, or lipophilic preparations, include WO 89/02733, WO 90/00555, WO 91/16920, WO 91/18914, WO 93/00910, WO 94/26273, WO 96/15132, EP 0 350 287, EP 93917054.4, and WO 91/19721. IV. Combination And Alternation Therapy It has been recognized that drug-resistant variants of HCV can emerge after prolonged treatment with an antiviral agent. Drug resistance most typically occurs by mutation of a gene that encodes for an enzyme used in viral replication. The efficacy of a drug against HCV infection can be prolonged, augmented, or restored by administering the compound in combination or alternation with a second, and perhaps third, antiviral compound that induces a different mutation from that caused by the principle drug. Alternatively, the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution or other parameter of the drug can be altered by such combination or alternation therapy. In general, combination therapy is typically preferred over alternation therapy because it induces multiple simultaneous stresses on the virus. Nonlimiting examples of antiviral agents that can be used in combination with the compounds disclosed herein include: (1) an interferon and/or ribavirin (Battaglia, A. M. et al., Ann. Pharmacother. 34:487-494, 2000); Berenguer, M. et al. Antivir. Ther. 3(Suppl. 3):125-136, 1998); (2) Substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors (Attwood et al., Antiviral peptide derivatives, PCT WO 98/22496, 1998; Attwood et al., Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 10.259-273, 1999; Attwood et al., Preparation and use of amino acid derivatives as anti-viral agents, German Patent Publication DE 19914474; Tung et al. Inhibitors of serine proteases, particularly hepatitis C virus NS3 protease, PCT WO 98/17679), including alphaketoamides and hydrazinoureas, and inhibitors that terminate in an electrophile such as a boronic acid or phosphonate. Llinas-Brunet et al, Hepatitis C inhibitor peptide analogues, PCT WO 99/07734. (3) Non-substrate-based inhibitors such as 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-nitro-benzamide derivatives (Sudo K. et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 238:643-647, 1997; Sudo K. et al. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 9:186, 1998), including RD3-4082 and RD3-4078, the former substituted on the amide with a 14 carbon chain and the latter processing a para-phenoxyphenyl group; (4) Thiazolidine derivatives which show relevant inhibition in a reverse-phase HPLC assay with an NS3/4A fusion protein and NS5A/5B substrate (Sudo K. et al., Antiviral Research 32:9-18, 1996), especially compound RD-1-6250, possessing a fused cinnamoyl moiety substituted with a long alkyl chain, RD4 6205 and RD4 6193; (5) Thiazolidines and benzanilides identified in Kakiuchi N. et al. J. EBS Letters 421:217-220; Takeshita N. et al. Analytical Biochemistry 247:242-246, 1997; (6) A phenan-threnequinone possessing activity against HCV protease in a SDS-PAGE and autoradiography assay isolated from the fermentation culture broth of Streptomyces sp., Sch 68631 (Chu M. et al., Tetrahedron Letters 37:7229-7232, 1996), and Sch 351633, isolated from the fungus Penicillium griscofuluum , which demonstrates activity in a scintillation proximity assay (Chu M. et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9:1949-1952); (7) Selective NS3 inhibitors based on the macromolecule elgin c, isolated from leech (Qasim M. A. et al., Biochemistry 36:1598-1607, 1997); (8) HCV helicase inhibitors (Diana G. D. et al., Compounds, compositions and methods for treatment of hepatitis C, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,358; Diana G. D. et al., Piperidine derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions thereof and their use in the treatment of hepatitis C, PCT WO 97/36554); (9) HCV polymerase inhibitors such as nucleotide analogues, gliotoxin (Ferrari R. et al. Journal of Virology 73:1649-1654, 1999), and the natural product cerulenin (Lohmann V. et al., Virology 249:108-118, 1998); (10) Antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (S-ODN) complementary to sequence stretches in the 5′ non-coding region (NCR) of the HCV (Alt M. et al., Hepatology 22:707-717, 1995), or nucleotides 326-348 comprising the 3′ end of the NCR and nucleotides 371-388 located in the core coding region of the IICV RNA (Alt M. et al., Archives of Virology 142:589-599, 1997; Galderisi U. et al., Journal of Cellular Physiology 181:251-257, 1999); (11) Inhibitors of IRES-dependent translation (Ikeda N et al., Agent for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C, Japanese Patent Publication JP-08268890; Kai Y. et al. Prevention and treatment of viral diseases, Japanese Patent Publication JP-10101591); (12) Nuclease-resistant ribozymes. (Maccjak D. J. et al., Hepatology 30 abstract 995, 1999); and (13) Other miscellaneous compounds including 1-amino-alkylcyclohexanes (U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,134 to Gold et al.), alkyl lipids (U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), vitamin E and other antioxidants (U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), squalene, amantadine, bile acids (U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,964 to Ozeki et al.), N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartic acid, (U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,905 to Diana et al.), benzenedicarboxamides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,388 to Diana et al.), polyadenylic acid derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,546 to Wang et al.), 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,687 to Yarchoan et al.), and benzimidazoles (U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,874 to Colacino et al.). V. Pharmaceutical Compositions Hosts, including humans, infected with HCV, or a gene fragment thereof, can be treated by administering to the patient an effective amount of the active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or salt thereof in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The active materials can be administered by any appropriate route, for example, orally, parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, or topically, in liquid or solid form. A preferred dose of the compound for HCV will be in the range from about 1 to 50 mg/kg, preferably 1 to 20 mg/kg, of body weight per day, more generally 0.1 to about 100 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day. The effective dosage range of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs can be calculated based on the weight of the parent nucleoside to be delivered. If the salt or prodrug exhibits activity in itself, the effective dosage can be estimated as above using the weight of the salt or prodrug, or by other means known to those skilled in the art. The compound is conveniently administered in unit any suitable dosage form, including but not limited to one containing 7 to 3000 mg, preferably 70 to 1400 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form. A oral dosage of 50-1000 mg is usually convenient. Ideally the active ingredient should be administered to achieve peak plasma concentrations of the active compound of from about 0.2 to 70 μM, preferably about 1.0 to 10 μM. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenous injection of a 0.1 to 5% solution of the active ingredient, optionally in saline, or administered as a bolus of the active ingredient. The concentration of active compound in the drug composition will depend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition. The active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time. A preferred mode of administration of the active compound is oral. Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unit forms can contain various other materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar, shellac, or other enteric agents. The compound can be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum or the like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors. The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or salts thereof can also be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such as antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories, or other antivirals, including other nucleoside compounds. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous, or topical application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parental preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. If administered intravenously, preferred carriers are physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In a preferred embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) are also preferred as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). For example, liposome formulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container. An aqueous solution of the active compound or its monophosphate, diphosphate, and/or triphosphate derivatives is then introduced into the container. The container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension. VI. Processes For The Preparation Of Active Compounds The nucleosides of the present invention can be synthesized by any means known in the art. In particular, the synthesis of the present nucleosides can be achieved by either alkylating the appropriately modified sugar, followed by glycosylation or glycosylation followed by alkylation of the nucleoside. The following non-limiting embodiments illustrate some general methodology to obtain the nucleosides of the present invention. A. General Synthesis of 1-C-Branched Nucleosides 1′-C-Branched ribonucleosides of the following structure: wherein BASE is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 8 and R 10 are independently H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine;alternatively, R 7 and R 9 , R 7 and R 10 , R 8 and R 9 , or R 8 and R 10 can come together to form a pi bond;R 1 and R 2 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 or R 2 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is an alkyl, chloro-, bromo-, fluoro-, or iodo-alkyl (i.e. CF 3 ), alkenyl, or alkynyl (i.e. allyl); andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2can be prepared by one of the following general methods. 1) Modifcation from the Lactone The key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted lactone. The lactone can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution and cyclization techniques. The lactone can be optionally protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. The protected lactone can then be coupled with a suitable coupling agent, such as an organometallic carbon nucleophile, such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 —SiMe 3 in TBAF with the appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, to give the 1′-alkylated sugar. The optionally activated sugar can then be coupled to the BASE by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Townsend Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994. For example, an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride or trimethylsilyltriflate in the appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature. Subsequently, the nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. In a particular embodiment, the 1′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired. The synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 1. Alternatively, deoxyribo-nucleoside is desired. To obtain these nucleosides, the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent. Optionally, the 2′-hydroxyl can be activated to facilitate reduction; i.e. via the Barton reduction. 2. Alternative Method for the Preparation of 1′-C-Branched Nucleosides The key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted hexose. The hexose can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, such as alkaline treatment, substitution and coupling techniques. The hexose can be selectively protected to give the appropriate hexa-furanose, as taught by Townsend Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides , Plenum Press, 1994. The 1′-hydroxyl can be optionally activated to a suitable leaving group such as an acyl group or a chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo via acylation or halogenation, respectively. The optionally activated sugar can then be coupled to the BASE by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Townsend Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides , Plenum Press, 1994. For example, an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride or trimethylsilyltriflate in the appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature. Alternatively, a halo-sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with the presence of trimethylsilyltriflate. The 1′-CH 2 -OH, if protected, can be selectively deprotected by methods well known in the art. The resultant primary hydroxyl can be functionalized to yield various C-branched nucleosides. For example, the primary hydroxyl can be reduced to give the methyl, using a suitable reducing agent. Alternatively, the hydroxyl can be activated prior to reduction to facilitate the reaction; i.e. via the Barton reduction. In an alternate embodiment, the primary hydroxyl can be oxidized to the aldehyde, then coupled with a carbon nucleophile, such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 —SiMe 3 in TBAF with the appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature. In a particular embodiment, the 1′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired. The synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 2. Alternatively, deoxyribo-nucleoside is desired. To obtain these nucleosides, the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent. Optionally, the 2′-hydroxyl can be activated to facilitate reduction; i.e. via the Barton reduction. In addition, the L-enantiomers corresponding to the compounds of the invention can be prepared following the same general methods (1 or 2), beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as starting material. B. General Synthesis of 2′-C-Branched Nucleosides 2′-C-Branched Ribonucleosides of the Following Structure: wherein BASE is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 10 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine;alternatively, R 7 and R 9 , or R 7 and R 10 can come together to form a pi bond;R 1 and R 2 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 or R 2 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is an alkyl, chloro-, bromo-, fluoro-, iodo-alkyl (i.e. CF 3 ), alkenyl, or alkynyl (i.e. allyl); andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2can be prepared by one of the following general methods. 1. Glycosylation of the Nucleobase with an Appropriately Modified Sugar The key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted sugar with a 2′-OH and 2′-H, with the appropriate leaving group (LG), for example an acyl group or a chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo. The sugar can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution, oxidation and reduction techniques. The substituted sugar can then be oxidized with the appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 2′-modified sugar. Possible oxidizing agents are Jones reagent (a mixture of chromic acid and sulfuric acid), Collins's reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI) oxide, Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molybdate, NaBrO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromite, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide. Then coupling of an organometallic carbon nucleophile, such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 —SiMe 3 in TBAF with the ketone with the appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, yields the 2′-alkylated sugar. The alkylated sugar can be optionally protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. The optionally protected sugar can then be coupled to the BASE by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Townsend Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides , Plenum Press, 1994. For example, an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride or trimethylsilyltriflate in the appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature. Alternatively, a halo-sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with the presence of trimethylsilyltriflate. Subsequently, the nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. In a particular embodiment, the 2′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired. The synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 3. Alternatively, deoxyribo-nucleoside is desired. To obtain these nucleosides, the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent. Optionally, the 2′-hydroxyl can be activated to facilitate reduction; i.e. via the Barton reduction. 2. Modification of a Pre-Formed Nucleoside The key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted nucleoside with a 2′-OH and 2′-H. The nucleoside can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard coupling techniques. The nucleoside can be optionally protected with suitable protecting groups, preferably with acyl or silyl groups, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. The appropriately protected nucleoside can then be oxidized with the appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 2-modified sugar. Possible oxidizing agents are Jones reagent (a mixture of chromic acid and sulfuric acid), Collins's reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI) oxide, Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molybdate, NaBrO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromite, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide. Subsequently, the nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by GreeneGreene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. In a particular embodiment, the 2′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired. The synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 4. Alternatively, deoxyribo-nucleoside is desired. To obtain these nucleosides, the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent. Optionally, the 2′-hydroxyl can be activated to facilitate reduction; i.e. via the Barton reduction. In another embodiment of the invention, the L-enantiomers are desired. Therefore, the L-enantiomers can be corresponding to the compounds of the invention can be prepared following the same foregoing general methods, beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as starting material. C. General Synthesis of 3′-C-Branched Nucleosides 3′-C-Branched Ribonucleosides of the Following Structure: wherein BASE is a purine or pyrimidine base as defined herein; R 7 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, OR 2 , hydroxy, alkyl (including lower alkyl), azido, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, Br-vinyl, —C(O)O(alkyl), —C(O)O(lower alkyl), —O(acyl), —O(lower acyl), —O(alkyl), —O(lower alkyl), —O(alkenyl), chlorine, bromine, iodine, NO 2 , NH 2 , —NH(lower alkyl), —NH(acyl), —N(lower alkyl) 2 , —N(acyl) 2 ;R 8 is H, alkyl (including lower alkyl), chlorine, bromine or iodine;alternatively, R 7 and R 9 , or R 8 and R 9 can come together to form a pi bond;R 1 and R 2 are independently H; phosphate (including monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of aryl given herein; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid; a carbohydrate; a peptide; a cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R 1 or R 2 is independently H or phosphate;R 6 is an alkyl, chloro-, fluoro-, bromo-, iodo-alkyl (i.e. CF 3 ), alkenyl, or alkynyl (i.e. allyl); andX is O, S, SO 2 or CH 2can be prepared by one of the following general methods. 1. Glycosylation of the Nucleobase with an Appropriately Modified Sugar The key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted sugar with a 3′-OH and 3′-H, with the appropriate leaving group (LG), for example an acyl group or a chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo. The sugar can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution, oxidation and reduction techniques. The substituted sugar can then be oxidized with the appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 3′-modified sugar. Possible oxidizing agents are Jones reagent (a mixture of chromic acid and sulfuric acid), Collins's reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI) oxide, Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molybdate, NaBrO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromite, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide. Then coupling of an organometallic carbon nucleophile, such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 —SiMe 3 in TBAF with the ketone with the appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, yields the 3′-C-branched sugar. The 3′-C-branched sugar can be optionally protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. The optionally protected sugar can then be coupled to the BASE by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Townsend Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides , Plenum Press, 1994. For example, an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride or trimethylsilyltriflate in the appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature. Alternatively, a halo-sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with the presence of trimethylsilyltriflate. Subsequently, the nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. In a particular embodiment, the 3′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired. The synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 5. Alternatively, deoxyribo-nucleoside is desired. To obtain these nucleosides, the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent. Optionally, the 2′-hydroxyl can be activated to facilitate reduction; i.e. via the Barton reduction. 2. Modification of a Pre-Formed Nucleoside The key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted nucleoside with a 3′-OH and 3′—H. The nucleoside can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard coupling techniques. The nucleoside can be optionally protected with suitable protecting groups, preferably with acyl or silyl groups, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. The appropriately protected nucleoside can then be oxidized with the appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 24-modified sugar. Possible oxidizing agents are Jones reagent (a mixture of chromic acid and sulfuric acid), Collins's reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI) oxide, Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molybdate, NaBrO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromite, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide. Subsequently, the nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by GreeneGreene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. In a particular embodiment, the 3′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired. The synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 6. Alternatively, deoxyribo-nucleoside is desired. To obtain these nucleosides, the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent. Optionally, the 2′-hydroxyl can be activated to facilitate reduction; i.e. via the Barton reduction. In another embodiment of the invention, the L-enantiomers are desired. Therefore, the L-enantiomers can be corresponding to the compounds of the invention can be prepared following the same foregoing general methods, beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as starting material. EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of 1′-C-methylriboadenine via 6-amino-9-(1-deoxy-β-D-psicofuranosyl)purine As another alternative method of preparation, the title compound could also be prepared according to a published procedure (J. Farkas, and F. Sorm, “Nucleic acid components and their analogues. XCIV. Synthesis of 6-amino-9-(1-deoxy-β-D-psicofuranosyl)purine”, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1967, 32, 2663-2667. J. Farkas”, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1966, 31, 1535) (Scheme 7). In a similar manner, but using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases, the following nucleosides of Formula I are prepared. wherein: R 1R 2R 3X 1X 2YHHHHHHHHHHHNH 2HHHHHNH-cyclopropylHHHHHNH-methylHHHHHNH-ethylHHHHHNH-acetylHHHHHOHHHHHHOMeHHHHHOEtHHHHHO-cyclopropylHHHHHO-acetylHHHHHSHHHHHHSMeHHHHHSEtHHHHHS-cyclopropylHHHHHFHHHHHClHHHHHBrHHHHHImonophosphateHHHHNH 2monophosphateHHHHNH-acetylmonophosphateHHHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHHNH-methylmonophosphateHHHHNH-ethylmonophosphateHHHHOHmonophosphateHHHHO-acetylmonophosphateHHHHOMemonophosphateHHHHOEtmonophosphateHHHHO-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHHSHmonophosphateHHHHSMemonophosphateHHHHSEtmonophosphateHHHHS-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHHFmonophosphateHHHHClmonophosphateHHHHBrmonophosphateHHHHIdiphosphateHHHHNH 2diphosphateHHHHNH-acetyldiphosphateHHHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHHNH-methyldiphosphateHHHHNH-ethyldiphosphateHHHHOHdiphosphateHHHHO-acetyldiphosphateHHHHOMediphosphateHHHHOEtdiphosphateHHHHO-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHHSHdiphosphateHHHHSMediphosphateHHHHSEtdiphosphateHHHHS-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHHFdiphosphateHHHHCldiphosphateHHHHBrdiphosphateHHHHItriphosphateHHHHNH 2triphosphateHHHHNH-acetyltriphosphateHHHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHHNH-methyltriphosphateHHHHNH-ethyltriphosphateHHHHOHtriphosphateHHHHOMetriphosphateHHHHOEttriphosphateHHHHO-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHHO-acetyltriphosphateHHHHSHtriphosphateHHHHSMetriphosphateHHHHSEttriphosphateHHHHS-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHHFtriphosphateHHHHCltriphosphateHHHHBrtriphosphateHHHHImonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHNH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHOHmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHFmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHCldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHNH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHOHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHFdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHCltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHNH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHOHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHFtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHClHHHFHNH 2HHHFHNH-cyclopropylHHHFHOHHHHFHFHHHFHClHHHClHNH 2HHHClHNH-cyclopropylHHHClHOHHHHClHFHHHClHClHHHBrHNH 2HHHBrHNH-cyclopropylHHHBrHOHHHHBrHFHHHBrHClHHHNH 2HNH 2HHHNH 2HNH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2HOHHHHNH 2HFHHHNH 2HClHHHSHHNH 2HHHSHHNH-cyclopropylHHHSHHOHHHHSHHFHHHSHHClacetylHHHHNH 2acetylHHHHNH-cyclopropylacetylHHHHOHacetylHHHHFacetylHHHHClacetylHHFHNH 2acetylHHFHNH-cyclopropylacetylHHFHOHacetylHHFHFacetylHHFHClHacetylacetylHHNH 2HacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHHOHHacetylacetylHHFHacetylacetylHHClacetylacetylacetylHHNH 2acetylacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHHOHacetylacetylacetylHHFacetylacetylacetylHHClmonophosphateacetylacetylHHNH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHHOHmonophosphateacetylacetylHHFmonophosphateacetylacetylHHCldiphosphateacetylacetylHHNH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHHOHdiphosphateacetylacetylHHFdiphosphateacetylacetylHHCltriphosphateacetylacetylHHNH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHHOHtriphosphateacetylacetylHHFtriphosphateacetylacetylHHClHHHHNH 2HHHHHNH 2NH 2HHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHHNH 2NH-methylHHHHNH 2NH-ethylHHHHNH 2NH-acetylHHHHNH 2OHHHHHNH 2OMeHHHHNH 2OEtHHHHNH 2O-cyclopropylHHHHNH 2O-acetylHHHHNH 2SHHHHHNH 2SMeHHHHNH 2SEtHHHHNH 2S-cyclopropylHHHHNH 2FHHHHNH 2ClHHHHNH 2BrHHHHNH 2ImonophosphateHHHNH 2NH 2monophosphateHHHNH 2NH-acetylmonophosphateHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2NH-methylmonophosphateHHHNH 2NH-ethylmonophosphateHHHNH 2OHmonophosphateHHHNH 2O-acetylmonophosphateHHHNH 2OMemonophosphateHHHNH 2OEtmonophosphateHHHNH 2O-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2SHmonophosphateHHHNH 2SMemonophosphateHHHNH 2SEtmonophosphateHHHNH 2S-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2FmonophosphateHHHNH 2ClmonophosphateHHHNH 2BrmonophosphateHHHNH 2IdiphosphateHHHNH 2NH 2diphosphateHHHNH 2NH-acetyldiphosphateHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2NH-methyldiphosphateHHHNH 2NH-ethyldiphosphateHHHNH 2OHdiphosphateHHHNH 2O-acetyldiphosphateHHHNH 2OMediphosphateHHHNH 2OEtdiphosphateHHHNH 2O-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2SHdiphosphateHHHNH 2SMediphosphateHHHNH 2SEtdiphosphateHHHNH 2S-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2FdiphosphateHHHNH 2CldiphosphateHHHNH 2BrdiphosphateHHHNH 2ItriphosphateHHHNH 2NH 2triphosphateHHHNH 2NH-acetyltriphosphateHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2NH-methyltriphosphateHHHNH 2NH-ethyltriphosphateHHHNH 2OHtriphosphateHHHNH 2OMetriphosphateHHHNH 2OEttriphosphateHHHNH 2O-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2O-acetyltriphosphateHHHNH 2SHtriphosphateHHHNH 2SMetriphosphateHHHNH 2SEttriphosphateHHHNH 2S-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2FtriphosphateHHHNH 2CltriphosphateHHHNH 2BrtriphosphateHHHNH 2ImonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2NH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2NH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2OHmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2FmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2CldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2NH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2NH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2OHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2FdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2CltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2NH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2NH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2OHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2FtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2ClHHHFNH 2NH 2HHHFNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHFNH 2OHHHHFNH 2FHHHFNH 2ClHHHClNH 2NH 2HHHClNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHClNH 2OHHHHClNH 2FHHHClNH 2ClHHHBrNH 2NH 2HHHBrNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHBrNH 2OHHHHBrNH 2FHHHBrNH 2ClHHHNH 2NH 2NH 2HHHNH 2NH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2NH 2OHHHHNH 2NH 2FHHHNH 2NH 2ClHHHSHNH 2NH 2HHHSHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHSHNH 2OHHHHSHNH 2FHHHSHNH 2ClacetylHHHNH 2NH 2acetylHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylacetylHHHNH 2OHacetylHHHNH 2FacetylHHHNH 2ClacetylHHFNH 2NH 2acetylHHFNH 2NH-cyclopropylacetylHHFNH 2OHacetylHHFNH 2FacetylHHFNH 2ClHacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2HacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHNH 2OHHacetylacetylHNH 2FHacetylacetylHNH 2ClacetylacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2acetylacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHNH 2OHacetylacetylacetylHNH 2FacetylacetylacetylHNH 2ClmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2OHmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2FmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2CldiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2OHdiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2FdiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2CltriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2OHtriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2FtriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2ClHHHHClHHHHHClHHHHHClNH 2HHHHClNH-cyclopropylHHHHClNH-methylHHHHClNH-ethylHHHHClNH-acetylHHHHClOHHHHHClOMeHHHHClOEtHHHHClO-cyclopropylHHHHClO-acetylHHHHClSHHHHHClSMeHHHHClSEtHHHHClS-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHClNH 2monophosphateHHHClNH-acetylmonophosphateHHHClNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHClNH-methylmonophosphateHHHClNH-ethylmonophosphateHHHClOHmonophosphateHHHClO-acetylmonophosphateHHHClOMemonophosphateHHHClOEtmonophosphateHHHClO-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHClSHmonophosphateHHHClSMemonophosphateHHHClSEtmonophosphateHHHClS-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHClNH 2diphosphateHHHClNH-acetyldiphosphateHHHClNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHClNH-methyldiphosphateHHHClNH-ethyldiphosphateHHHClOHdiphosphateHHHClO-acetyldiphosphateHHHClOMediphosphateHHHClOEtdiphosphateHHHClO-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHClSHdiphosphateHHHClSMediphosphateHHHClSEtdiphosphateHHHClS-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHClNH 2triphosphateHHHClNH-acetyltriphosphateHHHClNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHClNH-methyltriphosphateHHHClNH-ethyltriphosphateHHHClOHtriphosphateHHHClOMetriphosphateHHHClOEttriphosphateHHHClO-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHClO-acetyltriphosphateHHHClSHtriphosphateHHHClSMetriphosphateHHHClSEttriphosphateHHHClS-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHClNH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHClNH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHClOHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHClNH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHClNH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHClOHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHClNH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHClNH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHClOHHHHFClNH 2HHHFClNH-cyclopropylHHHFClOHHHHClClNH 2HHHClClNH-cyclopropylHHHClClOHHHHBrClNH 2HHHBrClNH-cyclopropylHHHBrClOHHHHNH 2ClNH 2HHHNH 2ClNH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2ClOHHHHSHClNH 2HHHSHClNH-cyclopropylHHHSHClOHacetylHHHClNH 2acetylHHHClNH-cyclopropylacetylHHHClOHacetylHHFClNH 2acetylHHFClNH-cyclopropylacetylHHFClOHHacetylacetylHClNH 2HacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHClOHacetylacetylacetylHClNH 2acetylacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHClOHmonophosphateacetylacetylHClNH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHClOHdiphosphateacetylacetylHClNH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHClOHtriphosphateacetylacetylHClNH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHClOHHHHHClNH 2HHHHClNH-cyclopropylHHHHClOHHHHHBrNH 2HHHHBrNH-cyclopropylHHHHBrOH Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula IV are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 2R 3X 1YHHHHHHHHHNH 2HHHHNH-cyclopropylHHHHNH-methylHHHHNH-ethylHHHHNH-acetylHHHHOHHHHHOMeHHHHOEtHHHHO-cyclopropylHHHHO-acetylHHHHSHHHHHSMeHHHHSEtHHHHS-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2monophosphateHHHNH-acetylmonophosphateHHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH-methylmonophosphateHHHNH-ethylmonophosphateHHHOHmonophosphateHHHO-acetylmonophosphateHHHOMemonophosphateHHHOEtmonophosphateHHHO-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHSHmonophosphateHHHSMemonophosphateHHHSEtmonophosphateHHHS-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2diphosphateHHHNH-acetyldiphosphateHHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH-methyldiphosphateHHHNH-ethyldiphosphateHHHOHdiphosphateHHHO-acetyldiphosphateHHHOMediphosphateHHHOEtdiphosphateHHHO-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHSHdiphosphateHHHSMediphosphateHHHSEtdiphosphateHHHS-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2triphosphateHHHNH-acetyltriphosphateHHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH-methyltriphosphateHHHNH-ethyltriphosphateHHHOHtriphosphateHHHOMetriphosphateHHHOEttriphosphateHHHO-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHO-acetyltriphosphateHHHSHtriphosphateHHHSMetriphosphateHHHSEttriphosphateHHHS-cyclopropylmonophosphatemono-monophosphateHNH 2phosphatemonophosphatemono-monophosphateHNH-cyclopropylphosphatemonophosphatemono-monophosphateHOHphosphatediphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHOHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHOHHHHFNH 2HHHFNH-cyclopropylHHHFOHHHHClNH 2HHHClNH-cyclopropylHHHClOHHHHBrNH 2HHHBrNH-cyclopropylHHHBrOHHHHNH 2NH 2HHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2OHHHHSHNH 2HHHSHNH-cyclopropylHHHSHOHacetylHHHNH 2acetylHHHNH-cyclopropylacetylHHHOHacetylHHFNH 2acetylHHFNH-cyclopropylacetylHHFOHHacetylacetylHNH 2HacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHOHacetylacetylacetylHNH 2acetylacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHOHmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHOHdiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHOHtriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHOH Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula VII are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 2R 3R 6XBaseHHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHHHCH 3OHypoxanthineHHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHHCH 3OThymineHHHCH 3OCytosineHHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3OUracilHHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilHHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciHHHCH 3SHypoxanthineHHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHHCH 3SThymineHHHCH 3SCytosineHHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3SUracilHHHCH 3S5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymmonophosphateHHCH 3OThyminemonophosphateHHCH 3OCytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3OUracilmonophosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymmonophosphateHHCH 3SThyminemonophosphateHHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3SUracilmonophosphateHHCH 3S5-FluorouracildiphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinediphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateHHCH 3OThyminediphosphateHHCH 3OCytosinediphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateHHCH 3OUracildiphosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouracildiphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinediphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymdiphosphateHHCH 3SThyminediphosphateHHCH 3SCytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHHCH 3OThyminetriphosphateHHCH 3OCytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3OUraciltriphosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouraciltriphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinetriphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHHCH 3SThyminetriphosphateHHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OThyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OUracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SThyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SUracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S5-FluorouracilacetylacetylacetylCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylacetylCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-O4-(N,N-vinyldiacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-S4-(N,N-vinyldiacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guanineHHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguanineHHHCH 3O8-fluoroguanineHHHCH 3OguanineHHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adenineHHHCH 3O2-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3O8-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adenineHHHCH 3OadenineHHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guanineHHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguanineHHHCH 3S8-fluoroguanineHHHCH 3SguanineHHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adenineHHHCH 3S2-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3S8-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adenineHHHCH 3SadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphateHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3OguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3OadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphateHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3SguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3SadeninediphosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninediphosphateHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguaninediphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninediphosphateHHCH 3OguaninediphosphateHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3OadeninediphosphateHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninediphosphateHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguaninediphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninediphosphateHHCH 3SguaninediphosphateHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3SadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninetriphosphateHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3OguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninetriphosphateHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3SguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3SadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O8-fluoroguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O8-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S8-fluoroguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S8-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SadenineacetylacetylacetylCF 3OguanineacetylacetylacetylCF 3Sguanineacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-Oguaninevinylacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-Sguaninevinyl Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula VIII are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein R 1R 2R 6XBaseHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHHCH 3OHypoxanthineHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHCH 3OThymineHHCH 3OCytosineHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHCH 3OUracilHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHHCH 3SHypoxanthineHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHCH 3SThymineHHCH 3SCytosineHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHCH 3SUracilHHCH 3S5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHCH 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateHCH 3OThyminemonophosphateHCH 3OCytosinemonophosphateHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHCH 3OUracilmonophosphateHCH 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHCH 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateHCH 3SThyminemonophosphateHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHCH 3SUracilmonophosphateHCH 3S5-FluorouracildiphosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHCH 3OHypoxanthinediphosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateHCH 3OThyminediphosphateHCH 3OCytosinediphosphateHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateHCH 3OUracildiphosphateHCH 3O5-FluorouracildiphosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHCH 3SHypoxanthinediphosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateHCH 3SThyminediphosphateHCH 3SCytosinediphosphateHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateHCH 3SUracildiphosphateHCH 3S5-FluorouraciltriphosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHCH 3OHypoxanthinetriphosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-diacethylthyminetriphosphateHCH 3OThyminetriphosphateHCH 3OCytosinetriphosphateHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHCH 3OUraciltriphosphateHCH 3O5-FluorouraciltriphosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHCH 3SHypoxanthinetriphosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHCH 3SThyminetriphosphateHCH 3SCytosinetriphosphateHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHCH 3SUraciltriphosphateHCH 3S5-FluorouracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OThyminemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OUracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SThyminemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SUracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S5-FluorouracilacetylacetylCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetyl2-bromo-vinylO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetyl2-bromo-vinylS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guanineHHCH 3O6-O-acetyl guanineHHCH 3O8-fluoroguanineHHCH 3OguanineHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adenineHHCH 3O2-fluoroadenineHHCH 3O8-fluoroadenineHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adenineHHCH 3OadenineHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guanineHHCH 3S6-O-acetyl guanineHHCH 3S8-fluoroguanineHHCH 3SguanineHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adenineHHCH 3S2-fluoroadenineHHCH 3S8-fluoroadenineHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adenineHHCH 3SadeninemonophosphateHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphateHCH 3O6-O-acetyl guaninemonophosphateHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninemonophosphateHCH 3OguaninemonophosphateHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphateHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphateHCH 3OadeninemonophosphateHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphateHCH 3S6-O-acetyl guaninemonophosphateHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninemonophosphateHCH 3SguaninemonophosphateHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphateHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphateHCH 3SadeninediphosphateHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninediphosphateHCH 3O6-O-acetyl guaninediphosphateHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninediphosphateHCH 3OguaninediphosphateHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninediphosphateHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninediphosphateHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninediphosphateHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninediphosphateHCH 3OadeninediphosphateHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninediphosphateHCH 3S6-O-acetyl guaninediphosphateHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninediphosphateHCH 3SguaninediphosphateHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninediphosphateHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninediphosphateHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninediphosphateHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninediphosphateHCH 3SadeninetriphosphateHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninetriphosphateHCH 3O6-O-acetyl guaninetriphosphateHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninetriphosphateHCH 3OguaninetriphosphateHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninetriphosphateHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninetriphosphateHCH 3OadeninetriphosphateHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninetriphosphateHCH 3S6-O-acetyl guaninetriphosphateHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninetriphosphateHCH 3SguaninetriphosphateHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninetriphosphateHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninetriphosphateHCH 3SadeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O6-O-acetyl guaninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O8-fluoroguaninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OguaninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O8-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OadeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S6-O-acetyl guaninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S8-fluoroguaninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SguaninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S8-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SadenineacetylacetylCF 3OguanineacetylacetylCF 3Sguanineacetylacetyl2-bromo-vinylOguanineacetylacetyl2-bromo-vinylSguanine Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula IX are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 6XBaseHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHCH 3OHypoxanthineHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHCH 3OThymineHCH 3OCytosineHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHCH 3OUracilHCH 3O5-FluorouracilHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHCH 3SHypoxanthineHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHCH 3SThymineHCH 3SCytosineHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHCH 3SUracilHCH 3S5-FluorouracilmonophosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCH 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCH 3OThyminemonophosphateCH 3OCytosinemonophosphateCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3OUracilmonophosphateCH 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCH 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCH 3SThyminemonophosphateCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosmonophosphateCH 3SUracilmonophosphateCH 3S5-FluorouracildiphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateCH 3OHypoxanthinediphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateCH 3OThyminediphosphateCH 3OCytosinediphosphateCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateCH 3OUracildiphosphateCH 3O5-FluorouracildiphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateCH 3SHypoxanthinediphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateCH 3SThyminediphosphateCH 3SCytosinetriphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateCH 3OHypoxanthinetriphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateCH 3OThyminetriphosphateCH 3OCytosinetriphosphateCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateCH 3OUraciltriphosphateCH 3O5-FluorouraciltriphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateCH 3SHypoxanthinetriphospahateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphospahateCH 3SThyminetriphospahateCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCF 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCF 3OThyminemonophosphateCF 3OCytosinemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosmonophosphateCF 3OUracilmonophosphateCF 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCF 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCF 3SThyminemonophosphateCF 3SCytosinemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3SUracilmonophosphateCF 3S5-FluorouracilacetylCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetyl2-bromo-vinylO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetyl2-bromo-vinylS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosine Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula XVI are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 6R 7R 8XBaseR 10R 9HCH 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMeHCH 3HHOHypoxanthineOHMeHCH 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMeHCH 3HHOThymineOHMeHCH 3HHOCytosineOHMeHCH 3HHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineOHMeHCH 3HHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineOHMeHCH 3HHOUracilOHMeHCH 3HHO5-FluorouracilOHMeHCH 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMeHCH 3HHSHypoxanthineOHMeHCH 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMeHCH 3HHSThymineOHMeHCH 3HHSCytosineOHMeHCH 3HHS4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineOHMeHCH 3HHS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineOHMeHCH 3HHSUracilOHMeHCH 3HHS5-FluorouracilOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHOHypoxanthineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHOThymineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHOCytosineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHOUracilOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHO5-FluorouracilOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHSHypoxanthineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHSThymineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHSCytosineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHS4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHSUracilOHMemonophosphateCH 3HHS5-FluorouracilOHMediphosphateCH 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMediphosphateCH 3HHOHypoxanthineOHMediphosphateCH 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMediphosphateCH 3HHOThymineOHMediphosphateCH 3HHOCytosineOHMediphosphateCH 3HHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineOHMediphosphateCH 3HHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineOHMediphosphateCH 3HHOUracilOHMediphosphateCH 3HHO5-FluorouracilOHMediphosphateCH 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMediphosphateCH 3HHSHypoxanthineOHMediphosphateCH 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMediphosphateCH 3HHSThymineOHMediphosphateCH 3HHSCytosineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHOHypoxanthineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHOThymineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHOCytosineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHOUracilOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHO5-FluorouracilOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHSHypoxanthineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHSThymineOHMetriphosphateCH 3HHSCytosineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHOHypoxanthineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHOThymineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHOCytosineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHOUracilOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHO5-FluorouracilOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHSHypoxanthineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHSThymineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHSCytosineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHS4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHSUracilOHMemonophosphateCF 3HHS5-FluorouracilOHMeacetylCH 3HHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHBracetylCH 3HHS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHBracetylCH 3OHHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHBracetylCH 3OHHS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHBr Example 2 Preparation of 2′-C-methylriboadenine The title compound was prepared according to a published procedure (R. E. Harry-O'kuru, J. M. Smith, and M. S. Wolfe, “A short, flexible route toward 2′-C-branched ribonucleosides”, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1754-1759) (Scheme 8). (a) Dess-Martin periodinane; (b) MeMgBr/TiCl 4 ; (c) BzCl, DMAP, Et 3 N; (d) bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, N 6 -benzoyl adenine, TMSOTf; (e) NH 3 /MeOH In a similar manner, but using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases, the following nucleosides of Formula II are prepared. wherein: R 1R 2R 3X 1X 2YHHHHHHHHHHHNH 2HHHHHNH-cyclopropylHHHHHNH-methylHHHHHNH-ethylHHHHHNH-acetylHHHHHOHHHHHHOMeHHHHHOEtHHHHHO-cyclopropylHHHHHO-acetylHHHHHSHHHHHHSMeHHHHHSEtHHHHHS-cyclopropylHHHHHFHHHHHClHHHHHBrHHHHHImonophosphateHHHHNH 2monophosphateHHHHNH-acetylmonophosphateHHHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHHNH-methylmonophosphateHHHHNH-ethylmonophosphateHHHHOHmonophosphateHHHHO-acetylmonophosphateHHHHOMemonophosphateHHHHOEtmonophosphateHHHHO-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHHSHmonophosphateHHHHSMemonophosphateHHHHSEtmonophosphateHHHHS-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHHFmonophosphateHHHHClmonophosphateHHHHBrmonophosphateHHHHIdiphosphateHHHHNH 2diphosphateHHHHNH-acetyldiphosphateHHHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHHNH-methyldiphosphateHHHHNH-ethyldiphosphateHHHHOHdiphosphateHHHHO-acetyldiphosphateHHHHOMediphosphateHHHHOEtdiphosphateHHHHO-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHHSHdiphosphateHHHHSMediphosphateHHHHSEtdiphosphateHHHHS-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHHFdiphosphateHHHHCldiphosphateHHHHBrdiphosphateHHHHItriphosphateHHHHNH 2triphosphateHHHHNH-acetyltriphosphateHHHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHHNH-methyltriphosphateHHHHNH-ethyltriphosphateHHHHOHtriphosphateHHHHOMetriphosphateHHHHOEttriphosphateHHHHO-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHHO-acetyltriphosphateHHHHSHtriphosphateHHHHSMetriphosphateHHHHSEttriphosphateHHHHS-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHHFtriphosphateHHHHCltriphosphateHHHHBrtriphosphateHHHHImonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHNH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHOHmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHFmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHCldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHNH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHOHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHFdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHCltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHNH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHOHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHFtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHClHHHFHNH 2HHHFHNH-cyclopropylHHHFHOHHHHFHFHHHFHClHHHClHNH 2HHHClHNH-cyclopropylHHHClHOHHHHClHFHHHClHClHHHBrHNH 2HHHBrHNH-cyclopropylHHHBrHOHHHHBrHFHHHBrHClHHHNH 2HNH 2HHHNH 2HNH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2HOHHHHNH 2HFHHHNH 2HClHHHSHHNH 2HHHSHHNH-cyclopropylHHHSHHOHHHHSHHFHHHSHHClacetylHHHHNH 2acetylHHHHNH-cyclopropylacetylHHHHOHacetylHHHHFacetylHHHHClacetylHHFHNH 2acetylHHFHNH-cyclopropylacetylHHFHOHacetylHHFHFacetylHHFHClHacetylacetylHHNH 2HacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHHOHHacetylacetylHHFHacetylacetylHHClacetylacetylacetylHHNH 2acetylacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHHOHacetylacetylacetylHHFacetylacetylacetylHHClmonophosphateacetylacetylHHNH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHHOHmonophosphateacetylacetylHHFmonophosphateacetylacetylHHCldiphosphateacetylacetylHHNH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHHOHdiphosphateacetylacetylHHFdiphosphateacetylacetylHHCltriphosphateacetylacetylHHNH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHHOHtriphosphateacetylacetylHHFtriphosphateacetylacetylHHClHHHHNH 2HHHHHNH 2NH 2HHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHHNH 2NH-methylHHHHNH 2NH-ethylHHHHNH 2NH-acetylHHHHNH 2OHHHHHNH 2OMeHHHHNH 2OEtHHHHNH 2O-cyclopropylHHHHNH 2O-acetylHHHHNH 2SHHHHHNH 2SMeHHHHNH 2SEtHHHHNH 2S-cyclopropylHHHHNH 2FHHHHNH 2ClHHHHNH 2BrHHHHNH 2ImonophosphateHHHNH 2NH 2monophosphateHHHNH 2NH-acetylmonophosphateHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2NH-methylmonophosphateHHHNH 2NH-ethylmonophosphateHHHNH 2OHmonophosphateHHHNH 2O-acetylmonophosphateHHHNH 2OMemonophosphateHHHNH 2OEtmonophosphateHHHNH 2O-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2SHmonophosphateHHHNH 2SMemonophosphateHHHNH 2SEtmonophosphateHHHNH 2S-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2FmonophosphateHHHNH 2ClmonophosphateHHHNH 2BrmonophosphateHHHNH 2IdiphosphateHHHNH 2NH 2diphosphateHHHNH 2NH-acetyldiphosphateHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2NH-methyldiphosphateHHHNH 2NH-ethyldiphosphateHHHNH 2OHdiphosphateHHHNH 2O-acetyldiphosphateHHHNH 2OMediphosphateHHHNH 2OEtdiphosphateHHHNH 2O-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2SHdiphosphateHHHNH 2SMediphosphateHHHNH 2SEtdiphosphateHHHNH 2S-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2FdiphosphateHHHNH 2CldiphosphateHHHNH 2BrdiphosphateHHHNH 2ItriphosphateHHHNH 2NH 2triphosphateHHHNH 2NH-acetyltriphosphateHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2NH-methyltriphosphateHHHNH 2NH-ethyltriphosphateHHHNH 2OHtriphosphateHHHNH 2OMetriphosphateHHHNH 2OEttriphosphateHHHNH 2O-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2O-acetyltriphosphateHHHNH 2SHtriphosphateHHHNH 2SMetriphosphateHHHNH 2SEttriphosphateHHHNH 2S-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2FtriphosphateHHHNH 2CltriphosphateHHHNH 2BrtriphosphateHHHNH 2ImonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2NH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2NH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2OHmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2FmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2CldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2NH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2NH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2OHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2FdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2CltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2NH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2NH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2OHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2FtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2ClHHHFNH 2NH 2HHHFNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHFNH 2OHHHHFNH 2FHHHFNH 2ClHHHClNH 2NH 2HHHClNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHClNH 2OHHHHClNH 2FHHHClNH 2ClHHHBrNH 2NH 2HHHBrNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHBrNH 2OHHHHBrNH 2FHHHBrNH 2ClHHHNH 2NH 2NH 2HHHNH 2NH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2NH 2OHHHHNH 2NH 2FHHHNH 2NH 2ClHHHSHNH 2NH 2HHHSHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHSHNH 2OHHHHSHNH 2FHHHSHNH 2ClacetylHHHNH 2NH 2acetylHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylacetylHHHNH 2OHacetylHHHNH 2FacetylHHHNH 2ClacetylHHFNH 2NH 2acetylHHFNH 2NH-cyclopropylacetylHHFNH 2OHacetylHHFNH 2FacetylHHFNH 2ClHacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2HacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHNH 2OHHacetylacetylHNH 2FHacetylacetylHNH 2ClacetylacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2acetylacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHNH 2OHacetylacetylacetylHNH 2FacetylacetylacetylHNH 2ClmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2OHmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2FmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2CldiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2OHdiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2FdiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2CltriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2OHtriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2FtriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2ClHHHHClHHHHHClHHHHHClNH 2HHHHClNH-cyclopropylHHHHClNH-methylHHHHClNH-ethylHHHHClNH-acetylHHHHClOHHHHHClOMeHHHHClOEtHHHHClO-cyclopropylHHHHClO-acetylHHHHClSHHHHHClSMeHHHHClSEtHHHHClS-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHClNH 2monophosphateHHHClNH-acetylmonophosphateHHHClNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHClNH-methylmonophosphateHHHClNH-ethylmonophosphateHHHClOHmonophosphateHHHClO-acetylmonophosphateHHHClOMemonophosphateHHHClOEtmonophosphateHHHClO-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHClSHmonophosphateHHHClSMemonophosphateHHHClSEtmonophosphateHHHClS-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHClNH 2diphosphateHHHClNH-acetyldiphosphateHHHClNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHClNH-methyldiphosphateHHHClNH-ethyldiphosphateHHHClOHdiphosphateHHHClO-acetyldiphosphateHHHClOMediphosphateHHHClOEtdiphosphateHHHClO-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHClSHdiphosphateHHHClSMediphosphateHHHClSEtdiphosphateHHHClS-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHClNH 2triphosphateHHHClNH-acetyltriphosphateHHHClNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHClNH-methyltriphosphateHHHClNH-ethyltriphosphateHHHClOHtriphosphateHHHClOMetriphosphateHHHClOEttriphosphateHHHClO-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHClO-acetyltriphosphateHHHClSHtriphosphateHHHClSMetriphosphateHHHClSEttriphosphateHHHClS-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHClNH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHClNH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHClOHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHClNH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHClNH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHClOHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHClNH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHClNH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHClOHHHHFClNH 2HHHFClNH-cyclopropylHHHFClOHHHHClClNH 2HHHClClNH-cyclopropylHHHClClOHHHHBrClNH 2HHHBrClNH-cyclopropylHHHBrClOHHHHNH 2ClNH 2HHHNH 2ClNH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2ClOHHHHSHClNH 2HHHSHClNH-cyclopropylHHHSHClOHacetylHHHClNH 2acetylHHHClNH-cyclopropylacetylHHHClOHacetylHHFClNH 2acetylHHFClNH-cyclopropylacetylHHFClOHHacetylacetylHClNH 2HacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHClOHacetylacetylacetylHClNH 2acetylacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHClOHmonophosphateacetylacetylHClNH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHClOHdiphosphateacetylacetylHClNH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHClOHtriphosphateacetylacetylHClNH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHClOHHHHHClNH 2HHHHClNH-cyclopropylHHHHClOHHHHHBrNH 2HHHHBrNH-cyclopropylHHHHBrOH Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula V are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 2R 3X 1YHHHHHHHHHNH 2HHHHNH-cyclopropylHHHHNH-methylHHHHNH-ethylHHHHNH-acetylHHHHOHHHHHOMeHHHHOEtHHHHO-cyclopropylHHHHO-acetylHHHHSHHHHHSMeHHHHSEtHHHHS-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2monophosphateHHHNH-acetylmonophosphateHHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH-methylmonophosphateHHHNH-ethylmonophosphateHHHOHmonophosphateHHHO-acetylmonophosphateHHHOMemonophosphateHHHOEtmonophosphateHHHO-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHSHmonophosphateHHHSMemonophosphateHHHSEtmonophosphateHHHS-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2diphosphateHHHNH-acetyldiphosphateHHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH-methyldiphosphateHHHNH-ethyldiphosphateHHHOHdiphosphateHHHO-acetyldiphosphateHHHOMediphosphateHHHOEtdiphosphateHHHO-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHSHdiphosphateHHHSMediphosphateHHHSEtdiphosphateHHHS-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2triphosphateHHHNH-acetyltriphosphateHHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH-methyltriphosphateHHHNH-ethyltriphosphateHHHOHtriphosphateHHHOMetriphosphateHHHOEttriphosphateHHHO-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHO-acetyltriphosphateHHHSHtriphosphateHHHSMetriphosphateHHHSEttriphosphateHHHS-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHOHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHOHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHOHHHHFNH 2HHHFNH-cyclopropylHHHFOHHHHClNH 2HHHClNH-cyclopropylHHHClOHHHHBrNH 2HHHBrNH-cyclopropylHHHBrOHHHHNH 2NH 2HHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2OHHHHSHNH 2HHHSHNH-cyclopropylHHHSHOHacetylHHHNH 2acetylHHHNH-cyclopropylacetylHHHOHacetylHHFNH 2acetylHHFNH-cyclopropylacetylHHFOHHacetylacetylHNH 2HacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHOHacetylacetylacetylHNH 2acetylacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHOHmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHOHdiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHOHtriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHOH Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula X are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 2R 3R 6XBaseHHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHHHCH 3OHypoxanthineHHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHHCH 3OThymineHHHCH 3OCytosineHHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3OUracilHHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilHHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciHHHCH 3SHypoxanthineHHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHHCH 3SThymineHHHCH 3SCytosineHHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3SUracilHHHCH 3S5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymmonophosphateHHCH 3OThyminemonophosphateHHCH 3OCytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3OUracilmonophosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymmonophosphateHHCH 3SThyminemonophosphateHHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3SUracilmonophosphateHHCH 3S5-FluorouracildiphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinediphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateHHCH 3OThyminediphosphateHHCH 3OCytosinediphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateHHCH 3OUracildiphosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouracildiphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinediphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymdiphosphateHHCH 3SThyminediphosphateHHCH 3SCytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHHCH 3OThyminetriphosphateHHCH 3OCytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3OUraciltriphosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouraciltriphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinetriphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHHCH 3SThyminetriphosphateHHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OThyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OUracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SThyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SUracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S5-FluorouracilacetylacetylacetylCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylacetylCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-O4-(N,N-vinyldiacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-S4-(N,N-vinyldiacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guanineHHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguanineHHHCH 3O8-fluoroguanineHHHCH 3OguanineHHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adenineHHHCH 3O2-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3O8-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adenineHHHCH 3OadenineHHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guanineHHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguanineHHHCH 3S8-fluoroguanineHHHCH 3SguanineHHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adenineHHHCH 3S2-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3S8-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adenineHHHCH 3SadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphateHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3OguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3OadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphateHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3SguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3SadeninediphosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninediphosphateHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguaninediphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninediphosphateHHCH 3OguaninediphosphateHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3OadeninediphosphateHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninediphosphateHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguaninediphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninediphosphateHHCH 3SguaninediphosphateHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3SadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninetriphosphateHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3OguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninetriphosphateHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3SguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3SadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O8-fluoroguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O8-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S8-fluoroguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S8-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SadenineacetylacetylacetylCF 3OguanineacetylacetylacetylCF 3Sguanineacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-Oguaninevinylacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-Sguaninevinyl Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula XI are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 2R 7R 6XBaseHHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHHHCH 3OHypoxanthineHHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHHCH 3OThymineHHHCH 3OCytosineHHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3OUracilHHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilHHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHHHCH 3SHypoxanthineHHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHHCH 3SThymineHHHCH 3SCytosineHHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinHHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3SUracilHHHCH 3S5-FluorouracilCH 3monophosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateHHCH 3OThyminemonophosphateHHCH 3OCytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3OUracilmonophosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateHHCH 3SThyminemonophosphateHHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3SUracilmonophosphateHHCH 3S5-FluorouracildiphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracdiphosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinediphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateHHCH 3OThyminediphosphateHHCH 3OCytosinediphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateHHCH 3OUracildiphosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouracildiphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinediphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymdiphosphateHHCH 3SThyminediphosphateHHCH 3SCytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHHCH 3OThyminetriphosphateHHCH 3OCytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytostriphosphateHHCH 3OUraciltriphosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouraciltriphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinetriphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymtriphosphateHHCH 3SThyminetriphosphateHHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3OThyminemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3OCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3OUracilmonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3SThyminemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosmonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3SUracilmonophosphatemonophosphateBrCF 3S5-FluorouracilacetylacetylNO2CF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylNO2CF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylNO2CF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylNO22-bromo-S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinevinyl Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula XII are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 6XBaseHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHCH 3OHypoxanthineHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHCH 3OThymineHCH 3OCytosineHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHCH 3OUracilHCH 3O5-FluorouracilHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHCH 3SHypoxanthineHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHCH 3SThymineHCH 3SCytosineHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHCH 3SUracilHCH 3S5-FluorouracilmonophosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCH 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCH 3OThyminemonophosphateCH 3OCytosinemonophosphateCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3OUracilmonophosphateCH 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCH 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCH 3SThyminemonophosphateCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3SUracilmonophosphateCH 3S5-FluorouracildiphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateCH 3OHypoxanthinediphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateCH 3OThyminediphosphateCH 3OCytosinediphosphateCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateCH 3OUracildiphosphateCH 3O5-FluorouracildiphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateCH 3SHypoxanthinediphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateCH 3SThyminediphosphateCH 3SCytosinetriphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateCH 3OHypoxanthinetriphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateCH 3OThyminetriphosphateCH 3OCytosinetriphosphateCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateCH 3OUraciltriphosphateCH 3O5-FluorouraciltriphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateCH 3SHypoxanthinetriphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateCH 3SThyminetriphosphateCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCF 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCF 3OThyminemonophosphateCF 3OCytosinemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3OUracilmonophosphateCF 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCF 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCF 3SThyminemonophosphateCF 3SCytosinemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3SUracilmonophosphateCF 3S5-FluorouracilacetylCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetyl2-bromo-vinylO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetyl2-bromo-vinylS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosine Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula XVII are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 6R 7XBaseR 9R 10HCH 3HO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNHAcMeHCH 3HOHypoxanthineNH2MeHCH 3HO2,4-O-NHAcMeDiacetylthymineHCH 3HOThymineNH2MeHCH 3HOCytosineNH2MeHCH 3HO4-(N-mono-NHAcMeacetyl)cytosineHCH 3HO4-(N,N-NHAcMediacetyl)cytosineHCH 3HOUracilNH2MeHCH 3HO5-FluorouracilNH2MeHCH 3HS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNHAcMeHCH 3HSHypoxanthineNH2MeHCH 3HS2,4-O-NHAcMeDiacetylthymineHCH 3HSThymineNH2MeHCH 3HSCytosineNH2MeHCH 3HS4-(N-mono-NHAcMeacetyl)cytosineHCH 3HS4-(N,N-NHAcMediacetyl)cytosineHCH 3HSUracilNH2MeHCH 3HS5-FluorouracilNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNHAcMemonophosphateCH 3HOHypoxanthineNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HO2,4-O-NHAcMeDiacetylthyminemonophosphateCH 3HOThymineNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HOCytosineNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HO4-(N-mono-NHACMeacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3HO4-(N,N-NHAcMediacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3HOUracilNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HO5-FluorouracilNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNHAcMemonophosphateCH 3HSHypoxanthineNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HS2,4-O-NHAcMeDiacetylthyminemonophosphateCH 3HSThymineNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HSCytosineNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HS4-(N-mono-NHAcMeacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3HS4-(N,N-NHAcMediacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3HSUracilNH2MemonophosphateCH 3HS5-FluorouracilNH2MediphosphateCH 3HO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNHAcMediphosphateCH 3HOHypoxanthineNH2MediphosphateCH 3HO2,4-O-NH2MeDiacetylthyminediphosphateCH 3HOThymineNH2MediphosphateCH 3HOCytosineNH2MediphosphateCH 3HO4-(N-mono-NHAcMeacetyl)cytosinediphosphateCH 3HO4-(N,N-NHAcMediacetyl)cytosdiphosphateCH 3HOUracilNH2MediphosphateCH 3HO5-FluorouracilNH2MediphosphateCH 3HS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNH2MediphosphateCH 3HSHypoxanthineNH2MediphosphateCH 3HS2,4-O-NHAcMeDiacetylthyminediphosphateCH 3HSThymineNH2MediphosphateCH 3HSCytosineNH2MetriphosphateCH 3HO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNHAcMetriphosphateCH 3HOHypoxanthineNHAcMetriphosphateCH 3HO2,4-O-NHAcMeDiacetylthyminetriphosphateCH 3HOThymineNH2MetriphosphateCH 3HOCytosineNH2MetriphosphateCH 3HO4-(N-mono-NHAcMeacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateCH 3HO4-(N,N-NH2Mediacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateCH 3HOUracilNH2MetriphosphateCH 3HO5-FluorouracilNH2MetriphosphateCH 3HS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNH2MetriphosphateCH 3HSHypoxanthineNH2MetriphosphateCH 3HS2,4-O-NH2MeDiacetylthyminetriphosphateCH 3HSThymineNH2MetriphosphateCH 3HSCytosineNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HOHypoxanthineNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HO2,4-O-NH2MeDiacetylthyminemonophosphateCF 3HOThymineNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HOCytosineNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HO4-(N-mono-NH2Meacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3HO4-(N,N-NH2Mediacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3HOUracilNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HO5-FluorouracilNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HSHypoxanthineNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HS2,4-O-NH2MeDiacetylthyminemonophosphateCF 3HSThymineNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HSCytosineNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HS4-(N-mono-NH2Meacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3HS4-(N,N-NH2Mediacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3HSUracilNH2MemonophosphateCF 3HS5-FluorouracilNH2MeacetylCH 3HO4-(N,N-HBrdiacetyl)cytosineacetylCH 3HS4-(N,N-HBrdiacetyl)cytosineacetylCH 3OHO4-(N,N-HBrdiacetyl)cytosineacetylCH 3OHS4-(N,N-HBrdiacetyl)cytosine Example 3 Preparation of 3′-C-methylriboadenine The title compound can be prepared according to a published procedure (R. F. Nutt, M. J. Dickinson, F. W. Holly, and E. Walton, “Branched-chain sugar nucleosides. III. 3′-C-methyladenine”, J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 1789-1795) (Scheme 9). (a) RuO 2 /NaIO 4 ; (b) MeMgI/TiCl 4 ; (c) HCl/MeOH/H 2 O; (d) BzCl/pyridine; (e) AcBr, HBr/AcOH; (f) chloromercuri-6-benzamidopurine; (g) NH 3 /MeOH. In a similar manner, but using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases, the following nucleosides of Formula III are prepared. wherein: R 1R 2R 3X 1X 2YHHHHHHHHHHHNH 2HHHHHNH-cyclopropylHHHHHNH-methylHHHHHNH-ethylHHHHHNH-acetylHHHHHOHHHHHHOMeHHHHHOEtHHHHHO-cyclopropylHHHHHO-acetylHHHHHSHHHHHHSMeHHHHHSEtHHHHHS-cyclopropylHHHHHFHHHHHClHHHHHBrHHHHHImonophosphateHHHHNH 2monophosphateHHHHNH-acetylmonophosphateHHHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHHNH-methylmonophosphateHHHHNH-ethylmonophosphateHHHHOHmonophosphateHHHHO-acetylmonophosphateHHHHOMemonophosphateHHHHOEtmonophosphateHHHHO-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHHSHmonophosphateHHHHSMemonophosphateHHHHSEtmonophosphateHHHHS-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHHFmonophosphateHHHHClmonophosphateHHHHBrmonophosphateHHHHIdiphosphateHHHHNH 2diphosphateHHHHNH-acetyldiphosphateHHHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHHNH-methyldiphosphateHHHHNH-ethyldiphosphateHHHHOHdiphosphateHHHHO-acetyldiphosphateHHHHOMediphosphateHHHHOEtdiphosphateHHHHO-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHHSHdiphosphateHHHHSMediphosphateHHHHSEtdiphosphateHHHHS-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHHFdiphosphateHHHHCldiphosphateHHHHBrdiphosphateHHHHItriphosphateHHHHNH 2triphosphateHHHHNH-acetyltriphosphateHHHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHHNH-methyltriphosphateHHHHNH-ethyltriphosphateHHHHOHtriphosphateHHHHOMetriphosphateHHHHOEttriphosphateHHHHO-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHHO-acetyltriphosphateHHHHSHtriphosphateHHHHSMetriphosphateHHHHSEttriphosphateHHHHS-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHHFtriphosphateHHHHCltriphosphateHHHHBrtriphosphateHHHHImonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHNH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHOHmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHFmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHHCldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHNH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHOHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHFdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHHCltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHNH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHOHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHFtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHHClHHHFHNH 2HHHFHNH-cyclopropylHHHFHOHHHHFHFHHHFHClHHHClHNH 2HHHClHNH-cyclopropylHHHClHOHHHHClHFHHHClHClHHHBrHNH 2HHHBrHNH-cyclopropylHHHBrHOHHHHBrHFHHHBrHClHHHNH 2HNH 2HHHNH 2HNH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2HOHHHHNH 2HFHHHNH 2HClHHHSHHNH 2HHHSHHNH-cyclopropylHHHSHHOHHHHSHHFHHHSHHClacetylHHHHNH 2acetylHHHHNH-cyclopropylacetylHHHHOHacetylHHHHFacetylHHHHClacetylHHFHNH 2acetylHHFHNH-cyclopropylacetylHHFHOHacetylHHFHFacetylHHFHClHacetylacetylHHNH 2HacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHHOHHacetylacetylHHFHacetylacetylHHClacetylacetylacetylHHNH 2acetylacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHHOHacetylacetylacetylHHFacetylacetylacetylHHClmonophosphateacetylacetylHHNH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHHOHmonophosphateacetylacetylHHFmonophosphateacetylacetylHHCldiphosphateacetylacetylHHNH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHHOHdiphosphateacetylacetylHHFdiphosphateacetylacetylHHCltriphosphateacetylacetylHHNH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHHOHtriphosphateacetylacetylHHFtriphosphateacetylacetylHHClHHHHNH 2HHHHHNH 2NH 2HHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHHNH 2NH-methylHHHHNH 2NH-ethylHHHHNH 2NH-acetylHHHHNH 2OHHHHHNH 2OMeHHHHNH 2OEtHHHHNH 2O-cyclopropylHHHHNH 2O-acetylHHHHNH 2SHHHHHNH 2SMeHHHHNH 2SEtHHHHNH 2S-cyclopropylHHHHNH 2FHHHHNH 2ClHHHHNH 2BrHHHHNH 2ImonophosphateHHHNH 2NH 2monophosphateHHHNH 2NH-acetylmonophosphateHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2NH-methylmonophosphateHHHNH 2NH-ethylmonophosphateHHHNH 2OHmonophosphateHHHNH 2O-acetylmonophosphateHHHNH 2OMemonophosphateHHHNH 2OEtmonophosphateHHHNH 2O-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2SHmonophosphateHHHNH 2SMemonophosphateHHHNH 2SEtmonophosphateHHHNH 2S-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2FmonophosphateHHHNH 2ClmonophosphateHHHNH 2BrmonophosphateHHHNH 2IdiphosphateHHHNH 2NH 2diphosphateHHHNH 2NH-acetyldiphosphateHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2NH-methyldiphosphateHHHNH 2NH-ethyldiphosphateHHHNH 2OHdiphosphateHHHNH 2O-acetyldiphosphateHHHNH 2OMediphosphateHHHNH 2OEtdiphosphateHHHNH 2O-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2SHdiphosphateHHHNH 2SMediphosphateHHHNH 2SEtdiphosphateHHHNH 2S-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2FdiphosphateHHHNH 2CldiphosphateHHHNH 2BrdiphosphateHHHNH 2ItriphosphateHHHNH 2NH 2triphosphateHHHNH 2NH-acetyltriphosphateHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2NH-methyltriphosphateHHHNH 2NH-ethyltriphosphateHHHNH 2OHtriphosphateHHHNH 2OMetriphosphateHHHNH 2OEttriphosphateHHHNH 2O-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2O-acetyltriphosphateHHHNH 2SHtriphosphateHHHNH 2SMetriphosphateHHHNH 2SEttriphosphateHHHNH 2S-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2FtriphosphateHHHNH 2CltriphosphateHHHNH 2BrtriphosphateHHHNH 2ImonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2NH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2NH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2OHmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2FmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2CldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2NH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2NH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2OHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2FdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2CltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2NH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2NH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2OHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2FtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2ClHHHFNH 2NH 2HHHFNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHFNH 2OHHHHFNH 2FHHHFNH 2ClHHHClNH 2NH 2HHHClNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHClNH 2OHHHHClNH 2FHHHClNH 2ClHHHBrNH 2NH 2HHHBrNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHBrNH 2OHHHHBrNH 2FHHHBrNH 2ClHHHNH 2NH 2NH 2HHHNH 2NH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2NH 2OHHHHNH 2NH 2FHHHNH 2NH 2ClHHHSHNH 2NH 2HHHSHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHSHNH 2OHHHHSHNH 2FHHHSHNH 2ClacetylHHHNH 2NH 2acetylHHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylacetylHHHNH 2OHacetylHHHNH 2FacetylHHHNH 2ClacetylHHFNH 2NH 2acetylHHFNH 2NH-cyclopropylacetylHHFNH 2OHacetylHHFNH 2FacetylHHFNH 2ClHacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2HacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHNH 2OHHacetylacetylHNH 2FHacetylacetylHNH 2ClacetylacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2acetylacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHNH 2OHacetylacetylacetylHNH 2FacetylacetylacetylHNH 2ClmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2OHmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2FmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2CldiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2OHdiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2FdiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2CltriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2NH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2OHtriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2FtriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2ClHHHHClHHHHHClHHHHHClNH 2HHHHClNH-cyclopropylHHHHClNH-methylHHHHClNH-ethylHHHHClNH-acetylHHHHClOHHHHHClOMeHHHHClOEtHHHHClO-cyclopropylHHHHClO-acetylHHHHClSHHHHHClSMeHHHHClSEtHHHHClS-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHClNH 2monophosphateHHHClNH-acetylmonophosphateHHHClNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHClNH-methylmonophosphateHHHClNH-ethylmonophosphateHHHClOHmonophosphateHHHClO-acetylmonophosphateHHHClOMemonophosphateHHHClOEtmonophosphateHHHClO-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHClSHmonophosphateHHHClSMemonophosphateHHHClSEtmonophosphateHHHClS-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHClNH 2diphosphateHHHClNH-acetyldiphosphateHHHClNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHClNH-methyldiphosphateHHHClNH-ethyldiphosphateHHHClOHdiphosphateHHHClO-acetyldiphosphateHHHClOMediphosphateHHHClOEtdiphosphateHHHClO-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHClSHdiphosphateHHHClSMediphosphateHHHClSEtdiphosphateHHHClS-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHClNH 2triphosphateHHHClNH-acetyltriphosphateHHHClNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHClNH-methyltriphosphateHHHClNH-ethyltriphosphateHHHClOHtriphosphateHHHClOMetriphosphateHHHClOEttriphosphateHHHClO-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHClO-acetyltriphosphateHHHClSHtriphosphateHHHClSMetriphosphateHHHClSEttriphosphateHHHClS-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHClNH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHClNH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHClOHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHClNH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHClNH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHClOHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHClNH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHClNH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHClOHHHHFClNH 2HHHFClNH-cyclopropylHHHFClOHHHHClClNH 2HHHClClNH-cyclopropylHHHClClOHHHHBrClNH 2HHHBrClNH-cyclopropylHHHBrClOHHHHNH 2ClNH 2HHHNH 2ClNH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2ClOHHHHSHClNH 2HHHSHClNH-cyclopropylHHHSHClOHacetylHHHClNH 2acetylHHHClNH-cyclopropylacetylHHHClOHacetylHHFClNH 2acetylHHFClNH-cyclopropylacetylHHFClOHHacetylacetylHClNH 2HacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHClOHacetylacetylacetylHClNH 2acetylacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHClOHmonophosphateacetylacetylHClNH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHClOHdiphosphateacetylacetylHClNH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHClOHtriphosphateacetylacetylHClNH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHClNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHClOHHHHHClNH 2HHHHClNH-cyclopropylHHHHClOHHHHHBrNH 2HHHHBrNH-cyclopropylHHHHBrOH Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula VI are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 2R 3X 1YHHHHHHHHHNH 2HHHHNH-cyclopropylHHHHNH-methylHHHHNH-ethylHHHHNH-acetylHHHHOHHHHHOMeHHHHOEtHHHHO-cyclopropylHHHHO-acetylHHHHSHHHHHSMeHHHHSEtHHHHS-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH 2monophosphateHHHNH-acetylmonophosphateHHHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHNH-methylmonophosphateHHHNH-ethylmonophosphateHHHOHmonophosphateHHHO-acetylmonophosphateHHHOMemonophosphateHHHOEtmonophosphateHHHO-cyclopropylmonophosphateHHHSHmonophosphateHHHSMemonophosphateHHHSEtmonophosphateHHHS-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH 2diphosphateHHHNH-acetyldiphosphateHHHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHNH-methyldiphosphateHHHNH-ethyldiphosphateHHHOHdiphosphateHHHO-acetyldiphosphateHHHOMediphosphateHHHOEtdiphosphateHHHO-cyclopropyldiphosphateHHHSHdiphosphateHHHSMediphosphateHHHSEtdiphosphateHHHS-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH 2triphosphateHHHNH-acetyltriphosphateHHHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHNH-methyltriphosphateHHHNH-ethyltriphosphateHHHOHtriphosphateHHHOMetriphosphateHHHOEttriphosphateHHHO-cyclopropyltriphosphateHHHO-acetyltriphosphateHHHSHtriphosphateHHHSMetriphosphateHHHSEttriphosphateHHHS-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH 2monophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateHOHdiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH 2diphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphatediphosphatediphosphateHOHtriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH 2triphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphatetriphosphatetriphosphateHOHHHHFNH 2HHHFNH-cyclopropylHHHFOHHHHClNH 2HHHClNH-cyclopropylHHHClOHHHHBrNH 2HHHBrNH-cyclopropylHHHBrOHHHHNH 2NH 2HHHNH 2NH-cyclopropylHHHNH 2OHHHHSHNH 2HHHSHNH-cyclopropylHHHSHOHacetylHHHNH 2acetylHHHNH-cyclopropylacetylHHHOHacetylHHFNH 2acetylHHFNH-cyclopropylacetylHHFOHHacetylacetylHNH 2HacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropylHacetylacetylHOHacetylacetylacetylHNH 2acetylacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropylacetylacetylacetylHOHmonophosphateacetylacetylHNH 2monophosphateacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropylmonophosphateacetylacetylHOHdiphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2diphosphateacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropyldiphosphateacetylacetylHOHtriphosphateacetylacetylHNH 2triphosphateacetylacetylHNH-cyclopropyltriphosphateacetylacetylHOH Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula XIII are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 2R 3R 6XBaseHHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHHHCH 3OHypoxanthineHHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHHCH 3OThymineHHHCH 3OCytosineHHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3OUracilHHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilHHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciHHHCH 3SHypoxanthineHHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHHCH 3SThymineHHHCH 3SCytosineHHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3SUracilHHHCH 3S5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymmonophosphateHHCH 3OThyminemonophosphateHHCH 3OCytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3OUracilmonophosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymmonophosphateHHCH 3SThyminemonophosphateHHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHHCH 3SUracilmonophosphateHHCH 3S5-FluorouracildiphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinediphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateHHCH 3OThyminediphosphateHHCH 3OCytosinediphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateHHCH 3OUracildiphosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouracildiphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinediphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymdiphosphateHHCH 3SThyminediphosphateHHCH 3SCytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHHCH 3OHypoxanthinetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHHCH 3OThyminetriphosphateHHCH 3OCytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHHCH 3OUraciltriphosphateHHCH 3O5-FluorouraciltriphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHHCH 3SHypoxanthinetriphosphateHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHHCH 3SThyminetriphosphateHHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OThyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OUracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SThyminemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SUracilmonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S5-FluorouracilacetylacetylacetylCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylacetylCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-O4-(N,N-vinyldiacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-S4-(N,N-vinyldiacetyl)cytosineHHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guanineHHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguanineHHHCH 3O8-fluoroguanineHHHCH 3OguanineHHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adenineHHHCH 3O2-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3O8-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adenineHHHCH 3OadenineHHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guanineHHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguanineHHHCH 3S8-fluoroguanineHHHCH 3SguanineHHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adenineHHHCH 3S2-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3S8-fluoroadenineHHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adenineHHHCH 3SadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphateHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3OguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3OadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphateHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3SguaninemonophosphateHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninemonophosphateHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphateHHCH 3SadeninediphosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninediphosphateHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguaninediphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninediphosphateHHCH 3OguaninediphosphateHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3OadeninediphosphateHHCH 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninediphosphateHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguaninediphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninediphosphateHHCH 3SguaninediphosphateHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninediphosphateHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninediphosphateHHCH 3SadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninetriphosphateHHCH 3O6-O-acetylguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3OguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O8-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninetriphosphateHHCH 3S6-O-acetylguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3SguaninetriphosphateHHCH 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3S2-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3S8-fluoroadeninetriphosphateHHCH 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninetriphosphateHHCH 3SadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O8-fluoroguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O8-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2-(N,N-diacetyl)-guaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S6-O-acetylguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S8-fluoroguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SguaninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S6-(N,N-diacetyl)-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S8-fluoroadeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,8-difluoro-adeninemonophosphatemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SadenineacetylacetylacetylCF 3OguanineacetylacetylacetylCF 3Sguanineacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-Oguaninevinylacetylacetylacetyl2-bromo-Sguaninevinyl Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula XIV are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 2R 6XBaseHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHHCH 3OHypoxanthineHHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHCH 3OThymineHHCH 3OCytosineHHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHCH 3OUracilHHCH 3O5-FluorouracilHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHHCH 3SHypoxanthineHHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHHCH 3SThymineHHCH 3SCytosineHHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinHHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHHCH 3SUracilHHCH 3S5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHCH 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymmonophosphateHCH 3OThyminemonophosphateHCH 3OCytosinemonophosphateHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosmonophosphateHCH 3OUracilmonophosphateHCH 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateHCH 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymmonophosphateHCH 3SThyminemonophosphateHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateHCH 3SUracilmonophosphateHCH 3S5-FluorouracildiphosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHCH 3OHypoxanthinediphosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateHCH 3OThyminediphosphateHCH 3OCytosinediphosphateHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateHCH 3OUracildiphosphateHCH 3O5-FluorouracildiphosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateHCH 3SHypoxanthinediphosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateHCH 3SThyminediphosphateHCH 3SCytosinetriphosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHCH 3OHypoxanthinetriphosphateHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHCH 3OThyminetriphosphateHCH 3OCytosinetriphosphateHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateHCH 3OUraciltriphosphateHCH 3O5-FluorouraciltriphosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateHCH 3SHypoxanthinetriphosphateHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateHCH 3SThyminetriphosphateHCH 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OThyminemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3OUracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SThyminemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SCytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3SUracilmonophosphatemonophosphateCF 3S5-FluorouracilacetylacetylCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetylCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylacetyl2-bromo-O4-(N,N-vinyldiacetyl)cytosineacetylacetyl2-bromo-S4-(N,N-vinyldiacetyl)cytosine Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula XV are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 6XBaseHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHCH 3OHypoxanthineHCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHCH 3OThymineHCH 3OCytosineHCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHCH 3OUracilHCH 3O5-FluorouracilHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHCH 3SHypoxanthineHCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHCH 3SThymineHCH 3SCytosineHCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHCH 3SUracilHCH 3S5-FluorouracilmonophosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCH 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCH 3OThyminemonophosphateCH 3OCytosinemonophosphateCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3OUracilmonophosphateCH 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCH 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCH 3SThyminemonophosphateCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateCH 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCH 3SUracilmonophosphateCH 3S5-FluorouracildiphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateCH 3OHypoxanthinediphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateCH 3OThyminediphosphateCH 3OCytosinediphosphateCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinediphosphateCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinediphosphateCH 3OUracildiphosphateCH 3O5-FluorouracildiphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracildiphosphateCH 3SHypoxanthinediphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminediphosphateCH 3SThyminediphosphateCH 3SCytosinetriphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateCH 3OHypoxanthinetriphosphateCH 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateCH 3OThyminetriphosphateCH 3OCytosinetriphosphateCH 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinetriphosphateCH 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinetriphosphateCH 3OUraciltriphosphateCH 3O5-FluorouraciltriphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluraciltriphosphateCH 3SHypoxanthinetriphosphateCH 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminetriphosphateCH 3SThyminetriphosphateCH 3SCytosinemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCF 3OHypoxanthinemonophosphateCF 3O2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCF 3OThyminemonophosphateCF 3OCytosinemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3OUracilmonophosphateCF 3O5-FluorouracilmonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetyluracilmonophosphateCF 3SHypoxanthinemonophosphateCF 3S2,4-O-DiacetylthyminemonophosphateCF 3SThyminemonophosphateCF 3SCytosinemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosinemonophosphateCF 3SUracilmonophosphateCF 3S5-FluorouracilacetylCF 3O4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetylCF 3S4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetyl2-bromo-vinylO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineacetyl2-bromo-vinylS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosine Alternatively, the following nucleosides of Formula XVIII are prepared, using the appropriate sugar and pyrimidine or purine bases. wherein: R 1R 6R 7XBaseR 8R 9HCH 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMeHCH 3OHOHypoxanthineHMeHCH 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMeHCH 3OHOThymineHMeHCH 3OHOCytosineHMeHCH 3OHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHMeHCH 3OHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHMeHCH 3OHOUracilHMeHCH 3OHO5-FluorouracilHMeHCH 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMeHCH 3OHSHypoxanthineHMeHCH 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMeHCH 3OHSThymineHMeHCH 3OHSCytosineHMeHCH 3OHS4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHMeHCH 3OHS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHMeHCH 3OHSUracilHMeHCH 3OHS5-FluorouracilHMemonophosphateCH 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMemonophosphateCH 3OHOHypoxanthineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHOThymineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHOCytosineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHOUracilHMemonophosphateCH 3OHO5-FluorouracilHMemonophosphateCH 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMemonophosphateCH 3OHSHypoxanthineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHSThymineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHSCytosineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHS4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHMemonophosphateCH 3OHSUracilHMemonophosphateCH 3OHS5-FluorouracilHMediphosphateCH 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMediphosphateCH 3OHOHypoxanthineHMediphosphateCH 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMediphosphateCH 3OHOThymineHMediphosphateCH 3OHOCytosineHMediphosphateCH 3OHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHMediphosphateCH 3OHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHMediphosphateCH 3OHOUracilHMediphosphateCH 3OHO5-FluorouracilHMediphosphateCH 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMediphosphateCH 3OHSHypoxanthineHMediphosphateCH 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMediphosphateCH 3OHSThymineHMediphosphateCH 3OHSCytosineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMetriphosphateCH 3OHOHypoxanthineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHOThymineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHOCytosineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHOUracilHMetriphosphateCH 3OHO5-FluorouracilHMetriphosphateCH 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMetriphosphateCH 3OHSHypoxanthineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHSThymineHMetriphosphateCH 3OHSCytosineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMemonophosphateCF 3OHOHypoxanthineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHO2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHOThymineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHOCytosineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHO4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHOUracilHMemonophosphateCF 3OHO5-FluorouracilHMemonophosphateCF 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetyluracilHMemonophosphateCF 3OHSHypoxanthineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHS2,4-O-DiacetylthymineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHSThymineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHSCytosineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHS4-(N-mono-acetyl)cytosineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHMemonophosphateCF 3OHSUracilHMemonophosphateCF 3OHS5-FluorouracilHMeacetylCH 3OHO4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHBracetylCH 3OHS4-(N,N-diacetyl)cytosineHBr VII. Anti-Hepatitis C Activity Compounds can exhibit anti-hepatitis C activity by inhibiting HCV polymerase, by inhibiting other enzymes needed in the replication cycle, or by other pathways. A number of assays have been published to assess these activities. A general method that assesses the gross increase of HCV virus in culture is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,738,985 to Miles et al. In vitro assays have been reported in Ferrari et al., Jnl. of Vir., 73:1649-1654, 1999; Ishii et al., Hepatology, 29:1227-1235, 1999; Lohmann et al., Jnl. of Bio. Chem., 274:10807-10815, 1999; and Yamashita et al, Jnl. of Bio. Chem., 273:15479-15486, 1998. WO 97/12033, filed on Sep. 27, 1996, by Emory University, listing C. Hagedorn and A. Reinoldus as inventors, and which claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/004,383, filed on September 1995, describes an HCV polymerase assay that can be used to evaluate the activity of the compounds described herein. Another HCV polymerase assay has been reported by Bartholomeusz, et al., Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA polymerase assay using cloned HCV non-structural proteins; Antiviral Therapy 1996:1(Supp 4) 18-24. Screens that measure reductions in kinase activity from HCV drugs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,785, to Katze et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,848 to Delvecchio et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,795 to Jubin et al. Screens that measure the protease inhibiting activity of proposed HCV drugs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,267 to Su et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,002 to De Francesco et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,691 to Houghton et al. Example 4 Phosphorylation Assay of Nucleoside to Active Triphosphate To determine the cellular metabolism of the compounds, HepG2 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), and were grown in 225 cm 2 tissue culture flasks in minimal essential medium supplemented with non-essential amino acids, 1% penicillin-streptomycin. The medium was renewed every three days, and the cells were subcultured once a week. After detachment of the adherent monolayer with a 10 minute exposure to 30 mL of trypsin-EDTA and three consecutive washes with medium, confluent HepG2 cells were seeded at a density of 2.5×10 6 cells per well in a 6-well plate and exposed to 10 μM of [ 3 H] labeled active compound (500 dpm/pmol) for the specified time periods. The cells were maintained at 37° C. under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere. At the selected time points, the cells were washed three times with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Intracellular active compound and its respective metabolites were extracted by incubating the cell pellet overnight at −20° C. with 60% methanol followed by extraction with an additional 20 μL of cold methanol for one hour in an ice bath. The extracts were then combined, dried under gentle filtered air flow and stored at −20° C. until HPLC analysis. The preliminary results of the HPLC analysis are tabulated in Table 1. TABLE 1[pmol/million cells]β-D-2′-CH 3 -β-D-2′-CH 3 -β-D-2′-CH 3 -β-D-2′-CH 3 -Time (h)riboA-TPriboU-TPriboC-TPriboG-TP233.10.402.24ND467.71.213.99ND81471.579.762.85244276.3934.90.91304567.1836.23.22482889.4256.46.26 Example 5 Bioavailability Assay in Cynomolgus Monkeys Within 1 week prior to the study initiation, the cynomolgus monkey was surgically implanted with a chronic venous catheter and subcutaneous venous access port (VAP) to facilitate blood collection and underwent a physical examination including hematology and serum chemistry evaluations and the body weight was recorded. Each monkey (six total), received approximately 250 uCi of 3 H activity with each dose of active compound, namely β-D-2′-CH 3 -riboG at a dose level of 10 mg/kg at a dose concentration of 5 mg/mL, either via an intravenous bolus (3 monkeys, IV), or via oral gavage (3 monkeys, PO). Each dosing syringe was weighed before dosing to gravimetrically determine the quantity of formulation administered. Urine samples were collected via pan catch at the designated intervals (approximately 18-0 hours pre-dose, 0-4, 4-8 and 8-12 hours post-dosage) and processed. Blood samples were collected as well (pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-dosage) via the chronic venous catheter and VAP or from a peripheral vessel if the chronic venous catheter procedure should not be possible. The blood and urine samples were analyzed for the maximum concentration (C max ), time when the maximum concentration was achieved (T max ), area under the curve (AUC), half life of the dosage concentration (T 1/2 ), clearance (CL), steady state volume and distribution (V ss ) and bioavailability (F), which are tabulated in Tables 2 and 3, and graphically illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 , respectively. TABLE 2Oral Bioavailability in MonkeysMean NormNorm AUCAUCDoseAUC(ng/mL ×(ng/mL ×(mg)(ng/mL × h)h/mg)h/mg)F (%)IV Monkey 146.4413614293.2IV Monkey 224.536581268.3IV Monkey 320.726079293.4284.9PO Monkey 129.0475826.1PO Monkey 230.9389829.0PO Monkey 330.04184261.338.813.6 TABLE 3Experimental Pharmacokinetics of β-D-2′-CH 3 -riboGin Cynomolgus MonkeysIVPODose/Route (mg/kg)1010C max (ng/mL)6945.6 ± 1886.0217.7 ± 132.1T max (hr)0.25 ± 0.002.00 ± 1.00AUC (ng/mL × hr)8758.0 ± 4212.91166.0 ± 589.6T 1/2 (hr)7.9 ± 5.410.3 ± 4.1CL (L/hr/kg)1.28 ± 0.48V ss (L/kg)2.09 ± 0.54F (%)13.8 Example 6 Bone Marrow Toxicity Assay Human bone marrow cells were collected from normal healthy volunteers and the mononuclear population was separated by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation as described previously by Sommadossi J-P, Carlisle R. “Toxicity of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine for normal human hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1987; 31:452-454; and Sommadossi J-P, Schinazi R F, Chu C K, Xie M-Y. “Comparison of cytotoxicity of the (−)- and (+)-enantiomer of 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine in normal human bone marrow progenitor cells” Biochemical Pharmacology 1992; 44:1921-1925. The culture assays for CFU-GM and BFU-E were performed using a bilayer soft agar or methylcellulose method. Drugs were diluted in tissue culture medium and filtered. After 14 to 18 days at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 in air, colonies of greater than 50 cells were counted using an inverted microscope. The results in Table 4 are presented as the percent inhibition of colony formation in the presence of drug compared to solvent control cultures. TABLE 4Human Bone Marrow Toxicity CFU-GM andBFU-E Clonogenic AssaysIC 50 in μMTreatmentCFU-GMBFU-Eribavirin~ 5~ 1β-D-2′-CH 3 -riboA>100>100β-D-2′-CH 3 -riboU>100>100β-D-2′-CH 3 -riboC>10>10β-D-2′-CH 3 -riboG>10>100 Example 7 Mitochondria Toxicity Assay HepG2 cells were cultured in 12-well plates as described above and exposed to various concentrations of drugs as taught by Pan-Zhou X-R, Cui L, Zhou X-J, Sommadossi J-P, Darley-Usmer V M. “Differential effects of antiretroviral nucleoside analogs on mitochondrial function in HepG2 cells” Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:496-503. Lactic acid levels in the culture medium after 4 day drug exposure was measured using a Boehringer lactic acid assay kit. Lactic acid levels were normalized by cell number as measured by hemocytometer count. The preliminary results from this assay are tabulated in Table 5. TABLE 5Mitochondrial Toxicity Study (L-lactic acid assay)Conc. (μM)lactate (mg/10 6 cell)% of ControlControl2.18FIAU103.73170.4β-D-2′-CH 3 -riboC12.52115.3102.36107.9502.26103.41002.21101.2 This invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments. Variations and modifications of the invention, will be obvious to those skilled in the art from the foregoing detailed description of the invention.","lang":"en","source":"USPTO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"}},"description_lang":["en"],"has_description":true,"has_docdb":true,"has_inpadoc":true,"has_full_text":true,"biblio_lang":"en"},"jurisdiction":"US","collections":[],"usersTags":[],"lensId":"196-916-427-154-761","publicationKey":"US_8299038_B2","displayKey":"US 8299038 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JEAN-PIERRE","valueNormalised":"Sommadossi Jean-pierre"},"inventorship":null},{"name":{"value":"LACOLLA PAULO","valueNormalised":"Lacolla Paulo"},"inventorship":null}],"inventorships":[],"unmatchedInventorships":[],"activeUserHasInventorship":false},"simpleFamilyId":183547620,"citesPatentCount":107,"countrySpec":{"countryName":"USA","description":"GRANTED PATENT AS SECOND PUBLICATION [FROM 2001 ONWARDS]","rule":"pubdate:AFTER:01-01-2001","docType":"GRANTED_PATENT"},"pageTitle":"US 8299038 B2 - Methods and compositions for treating hepatitis C virus","documentTitle":"Methods and compositions for treating hepatitis C virus"},"claims":{"source":"xml_claims","claims":[{"lines":["A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising contacting a cell infected with a hepatitis C virus an effective amount of a compound of the formula:\nor a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein\n
R1′, R2 and R3 are each independently H; phosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug;\n
acyl; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R1′, R2 or R3 is independently H or phosphate;\n
Y is hydrogen; bromo; chloro, fluoro; iodo; OR4; NR4R5 or SR4;\n
X1 and X2 are each independently H; straight chained, branched or cyclic alkyl; CO-alkyl; CO-aryl; CO-alkoxyalkyl; chloro; bromo; fluoro; iodo; OR4; NR4R5 or SR5; and R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen; acyl; or alkyl."],"number":1,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising contacting a cell infected with a hepatitis C virus an effective amount of a compound of the formula:\nor a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein\n
R1, R2 and R3 are each independently H; phosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug; acyl; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R1, R2 or R3 is independently H or phosphate;\n
Y is hydrogen; bromo; chloro, fluoro; iodo; OR4; NR4R5 or SR4;\n
X1 is H; straight chained alkyl; branched alkyl; cyclic alkyl; CO-alkyl; CO-aryl; CO-alkoxyalkyl; chloro; bromo; fluoro; iodo; OR4; NR4R5 or SR5; and R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen; acyl; or alkyl."],"number":2,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure:\nor a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof."],"number":3,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure:\nor a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof."],"number":4,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure:\nor a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof."],"number":5,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 2, wherein the compound has the structure:\nor a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof."],"number":6,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 2, wherein the compound has the structure:\nor a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof."],"number":7,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 2, wherein the compound has the structure:\nor a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof."],"number":8,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising administering a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof."],"number":9,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising contacting a cell in the host infected with a hepatitis C virus with a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof."],"number":10,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["A method for the treatment of a hepatitis C virus infection in a host, comprising administering to the host infected with a hepatitis C virus an effective amount of a compound of the formula:\nor a mono-, di- or tri-phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein\n
R1′, R2 and R3 are each independently H; phosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug; acyl; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which when administered in vivo is capable of providing a compound wherein R1′, R2 or R3 is independently H or phosphate;\n
Y is hydrogen; bromo; chloro, fluoro; iodo; OR4; NR4R5 or SR4;\n
X1 is H; straight chained alkyl; branched alkyl; cyclic alkyl; CO-alkyl; CO-aryl; CO-alkoxyalkyl; chloro; bromo; fluoro; iodo; OR4; NR4R5 or SRS; and R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen; acyl; or alkyl."],"number":11,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 11, wherein\n
R1, R2 and R3 are each independently H or phosphate;\n
X1 is H or CH3; and\n
Y is hydrogen; bromo; chloro, fluoro; iodo; —NH2 or -OH."],"number":12,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 12, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each H."],"number":13,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 1, wherein\n
R1 is mono-, di- or tri-phosphate; and\n
R2 and R3 are each independently H."],"number":14,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false},{"lines":["The method of claim 11, wherein\n
R1 is mono-, di- or tri-phosphate; and\n
R2 and R3 are each independently H."],"number":15,"annotation":false,"claim":true,"title":false}]}},"filters":{"npl":[],"notNpl":[],"applicant":[],"notApplicant":[],"inventor":[],"notInventor":[],"owner":[],"notOwner":[],"tags":[],"dates":[],"types":[],"notTypes":[],"j":[],"notJ":[],"fj":[],"notFj":[],"classIpcr":[],"notClassIpcr":[],"classNat":[],"notClassNat":[],"classCpc":[],"notClassCpc":[],"so":[],"notSo":[],"sat":[]},"sequenceFilters":{"s":"SEQIDNO","d":"ASCENDING","p":0,"n":10,"sp":[],"si":[],"len":[],"t":[],"loc":[]}}